Children do ask, but do not know how to do asking: Epi-pragmatic vs. meta-pragmatic skill

Klasičan je nalaz (C. Chomsky, 1969) da predškolska deca u engleskom jeziku mešaju značenja glagola ask 'pitati' i tell 'reći', tako što u situaciji Ask Laura what time it is 'Pitaj Lauru koliko ima sati' umesto da postave pitanje drugoj osobi (Lauri), odgovaraju na pitanje koliko ima sati 4 o'clock' 4 sata'. Iako je u navedenoj studiji ovaj nalaz samo usputan, on već decenijama privlači pažnju istraživača koji ga tumače na različite načine. E. Klark je ovaj rezultat pripisivala semantičkom razvoju. Značenje svake reči, prema teoriji semantičkih crta, može se razložiti na kombinaciju jedinica značenja. Razvoj semantičkog znanja sastoji se od dodavanja novih crta značenja, sve dok se kombinacija crta ne podudari sa kombinacijom kod odraslih. Promene nastale u oblasti u tokom poslednjih decenija omogućile su da se nalaz postavi u sasvim drugačiji, pragmatski kontekst. Vorden tvrdi da su 5-godišnjaci veoma osetljivi na pragmatske karakteristike eksperimentalne situacije i da je glavni izvor 'zabune' kod dece interpersonalni kontekst. Da bi odgovorilo adekvatno na zahtev ask 'pitaj nekoga nešto' (odnosno da bi postavio pitanje slušaocu) dete mora imati nameru da sazna ono što interesuje eksperimentatora ili njega samog, ili nameru da proveri da li slušalac ima to znanje. Slično, da bi odgovorio adekvatno na zahtev tell 'reci nekome nešto' ono mora pretpostaviti da slušaocu nedostaje ta informacija, ili pretpostaviti da se od njega očekuje da pokaže svoje znanje. Ovaj rad je imao za cilj da pokaže: a. da se razvoj navedenih komunikacionih sposobnosti u spontanoj interakciji javlja veoma rano; b. da se njihov razvoj iznova odvija na različitim nivoima opšteg razvoja i da rana pojava pragmatskih sposobnosti ne podrazumeva istovremeno i mogućnost njihove voljne kontrole i intencionalnog angažovanja. Istraživanje je bilo usmereno na rasvetljavanje dve udaljene tačke u razvoju: rani epi-pragmatski i kasni refl eksivni meta-pragmatski nivo. U prvom delu istraživanja, zasnovanom na pretraživanju korpusa dečijeg govora tragalo se za najranijim indikacijama pojave ove sposobnosti u spontanoj interakciji, nešto. Urađena je analiza pragmatskih karakteristika ponašanja dece s obzirom na to da li adekvatno ispunjavaju nalog 'pitaj'. Rezultati su pokazali da se u spontanoj interakciji sposobnost adekvatnog ispunjavanja ovog naloga kod sve dece u uzorku javlja znatno ranije nego što je registrovano u prethodnim istraživanjima, već na uzrastima između 22 i 40 meseci. Drugi, eksperimentalni deo istraživanja ispitanika stavlja u situaciju da slušaocu postavi pitanje o nečemu što je prisutno u vizuelnom polju i što svi učesnici u interakciji znaju. Ovo od deteta zahteva viši, meta-pragmatski nivo funkcionisanja komunikacionih sposobnosti jer se od njega očekuje da postavi pitanje o nečemu što je svima poznato, pa i njemu samom, tj. da voljno odustane od jednog od bazičnog principa ljudske komunikacije, Grajsove maksime kvantiteta, koja nalaže da se bude informativan samo onoliko koliko je neophodno u datom kontekstu. Rezultati su pokazali da je među 4- i 5-godišnjacima čest slučaj bio da ponude odgovor, umesto da pitanje upute drugoj osobi, i da se ova voljna, refleksivna, meta-pragmatska sposobnost kod sve dece stabilizuje tek na uzrastu od 6 godina. Rezultati su rasvetlili dve udaljene tačke razvoja jedne iste komunikacione sposobnosti na različitim novima opšteg razvoja. Jedna je veoma rana, epi-pragmatska, neosvešćena sposobnost učešća u komunikaciji (upućivanja pitanja drugoj osobi na nečiji nalog), a druga je zrela, refleksivna meta-pragmatska sposobnost upravljanja i voljnog primenjivanja ili ukidanja pravila komunikacije zavisno od socijalnog konteksta i namera učesnika.Old findings on children's comprehension of ask and tell were subject to different interpretations reflecting progress in the field of language acquisition. We want to show that acquiring a particular skill does not necessarily include competence of its intentional control and use. Development of linguistic skills takes place at different levels starting from early spontaneous, implicit abilities to the level of meta-pragmatic reflexive knowledge that enables deliberate monitoring, planning, and practice. The present study was aimed at exploring two extreme points in development: early epi-pragmatic and late reflexive metapragmatic competence. The first part aims at finding the earliest instances of children spontaneous ability to pass ask-instructions, and the evidence is provided for the ages as early as 22 to 40 months (much earlier than recorded in the previous studies). The second part is experimental and focuses on children's ability to respond to ask- and tell-instructions in the context of a cancelled conversational rule (Gricean Maxim of Quantity) which requires deliberate monitoring and use. The results show that this meta-pragmatic reflexive ability becomes stable only at the age of 6 years

Potențialul turismului educațional durabil al Parcului Național Djerdap

Starting from the new education paradigm, which relies on constructivist and contextual approach, this paper will specify the tourism potential of the Djerdap National Park, which should develop young people’s skills for sustainable development. The main objective of this paper is to use the holistic approach, the analysis of tourism resources, their educational potential and types of educational tourism in the Djerdap National Park to emphasize the insufficiently utilized educational potential. This could help children and young people acquire knowledge, skills and develop their personality by promoting learning through experience, direct contact with the things they are learning about, research and project approach. The results of this study indicate the need to create educational programs for all ages, to improve accommodation capacities as well as educational materials, to better educate the guides on how to conduct ambient learning, project and research activities for all age groups. Emphasizing the importance of educational tourism, which could help education for sustainable development, the paper underlines the need for support from state level with promotion, activities, projects and sharing best practices

Supplementary data for article: Stepanović, S.; Anđelković, L.; Zlatar, M.; Anđelković, K. K.; Gruden-Pavlović, M.; Swart, M. Role of Spin State and Ligand Charge in Coordination Patterns in Complexes of 2,6-Diacetylpyridinebis(Semioxamazide) with 3d-Block Metal Ions: A Density Functional Theory Study. Inorganic Chemistry 2013, 52 (23), 13415–13423. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic401752n

Supporting information for: [https://doi.org/10.1021/ic401752n]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1448

Empirically based solutions for the Serbian adaptation of a parent report inventory used in the assessment of child language development

The study is aimed at providing empirical basis for the adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates' Communicative Development Inventories (CDIs) for Serbian language, a parent report instrument for the language development assessment. Two sources of data were used in order to provide the basis for selection of items and evaluation of their linguistic, cultural and developmental validity: a. Serbian Corpus of Early Child Language (SCECL), and b. focus groups with experts and parents/caregivers. Exploration of the frequency of words/forms in Serbian child language and the qualitative analysis of focus groups discussions provided criteria for selection/adjustment of items in the course of inventory adaptation. The results also revealed that parents are naturally more focused on semantic and communicational aspects of utterances, and insufficiently aware of formal properties of their children's production. The paper presents significant changes and modifications of the instrument in the course of its adaptation for Serbian, which is a step closer to the final aim - providing a standardized instrument for the assessment of language development in Serbian

Supplementary data for article: Anđelković, L.; Gruden-Pavlović, M.; Daul, C.; Zlatar, M. The Choice of the Exchange-Correlation Functional for the Determination of the Jahnteller Parameters by the Density Functional Theory. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 2013, 113 (6), 859–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/qua.24245

Supporting information for: [https://doi.org/10.1002/qua.24245]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1600

The Influence of Air Traffic on Climate Change

Growth in the aviation sector has brought great benefits, but also an increased impact on the environment. Air transport has a significant impact on climate change, even to the extent that global climate change dictates the limitations of its development and the areas in which aviation needs to adapt its land and flight operations. The main pollutants emitted by aircraft are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), non-flammable hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and soot. Some of the key ways to mitigate the environmental impact of aviation are the development of new aircraft technologies and the inclusion of advanced design, the development of alternative fuels for use in aviation, the collection of airport taxes related to environmental protection, which encourages airlines to use quieter aircraft with lower emissions. The introduction of operational measures, in the form of changes in operating procedures, have proven to be very effective in reducing emissions. In addition to minimizing the amount of fuel for service and performance of each flight, in addition to the environmental benefits, they also reduce fuel costs. These changes do not require the introduction of new equipment and expensive technologies, but are based on different ways of operating aircrafts that are already in use

Interkulturalna perspektiva škola u Srbiji

Starting from the current role of school in preparing students for life in a socially and culturally diverse world, this paper points out the need to change the paradigm a Članak predstavlja rezultat rada na projektu "Modeli procenjivanja i strategije unapređivanja kvaliteta obrazovanja u Srbiji" (broj 179060), koje finansira Ministarstvo prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. towards an open constructivist curriculum and new learning strategies in the implementation of the concept of interculturality in the school context. Special attention has been devoted to developing intercultural competences of both students and teachers starting from the changes in the school culture, constructivist, contextual and integrated approach in viewing multicultural contents and activities. The paper presents two examples of the implementation of this concept which were created within the second component of the project entitled "the Support to Human Capital Development and Research -General Education and Human Capital Development -Razvionica" in schools in Serbia. The summary provides an outline of the pedagogical measures for supporting intercultural education, including the role of developing the school culture in that process.Polazeći od savremene uloge škole u pripremanju učenika za život u soci-jalno i kulturno različitom svetu, u radu se ukazuje na potrebu menjanja para-digme ka otvorenom konstruktivističkom kurikulumu i novim strategijama učenja u uključivanju koncepta interkulturalnosti u školski kontekst. Po-sebna pažnja posvećena je izgradnji interkulturalnih kompetencija učenika, ali i nastavnika polazeći od promena u kulturi škole, konstruktivističkog, kontekstualnog i integracijskog pristupa u sagledavanju multikulturalnih sadržaja i aktivnosti. U radu smo prikazali dva primera implementacije ovog koncepta koja su nastala u okviru druge komponente projekta "Podrška razvoju ljudskog kapitala i istraživanja-Opšte obrazovanje i razvoj ljudskog kapita-la-Razvionica" u školama u Srbiji. U zaključku je dat osvrt na pedagoške me-re za podršku interkulturalnom obrazovanju i vaspitanju, uključujući i ulogu izgradnje školske kulture u tom procesu

Analiza Jahn-Teller-ovog efekta u organskim i neorganskim sistemima

The Jahn-Teller (JT) theorem states that a molecule with a degenerate electronic state spontaneously distorts along a non-totally symmetric vibrational coordinates. This removes the degeneracy and lowers the energy. The JT effect was analysed and the JT parameters were determined for cyclopentadienyl radical (C5H5•), benzene cation (C6H6+), benzene anion (C6H6-),anions and cations of corannulene and coronene (C20H10-, C20H10, C24H12- i C24H12+), anionic magnesium phthalocyanine (MgPc-) and manganese(II) phthalocyanine (MnPc) by the means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach. The analysis of the multimode JT problem was performed by the means of the Intrinsic Distortion Path (IDP) model. All the required information, to calculate the vibronic coupling coefficients is contained in the minimum energy lower-symmetry structure. This structure is the real minimum on the potential energy surface, allowing normal mode analysis in the straightforward manner. With this model, it is possible to directly separate the contributions of the different normal modes to the JT distortion, their energy contributions to the JT stabilization energy along a relevant particular path of distortion and the forces responsible for the distortion, giving further insight into the origin and mechanism of the vibronic coupling.Po Jahn-Teller-ovoj (JT) teoremi svi nelinearni molekuli sa degenerisanim elektronskim stanjem spontano se distorguju duž vibracija koje nisu totalno simetrične, pri čemu dolazi do uklanjanja degeneracije uz sniženje energije. JT efekat je analiziran i izračunati su JT parametri za ciklopentadienil radikal (C5H5•), benzen katjon (C6H6+) i benzen anjon (C6H6-), anjone i katjone koranulena i koronena (C20H10-, C20H10+, C24H12-i C24H12+), anjonski magnezijum ftalocijanin (MgPc-) i mangan(II) ftalocijanin (MnPc) primenom teorije funkcionala gustine. Izvedena je analiza uticaja većeg broja vibracija odgovornih za distorziju molekula primenom modela Svojstvenog puta distorzije. Sve potrebne informacije pri izračunavanju koeficijenata vibronske sprege sadržane su u strukturi minimalne energije koja predstavlja pravi minimum na površini potencijalne energije, pa je vibraciona analiza jednoznačna. Ovim modelom moguće je direktno odvojiti doprinose različitih vibracija JT distorziji, njihov energetski doprinos JT stabilizacionoj energiji duž puta distorzije i odrediti sile odgovorne za JT distorziju, dajući bolji uvid u poreklo i mehanizam vibronske sprege

Supplementary data for the article: Andjelković, L.; Stepanović, S.; Vlahović, F.; Zlatar, M.; Gruden, M. Resolving the Origin of the Multimode Jahn-Teller Effect in Metallophthalocyanines. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2016, 18 (42), 29122–29130. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp03859j

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp03859j]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2344

Evaluation of glassionomer cement application for permanent binding of prosthetic dentures

Fixed dentures are created in order to rehabilitate the function of orofacial system, to correct disordered interdental relation, as well as the relation between jaws and to do esthetic correction. Binding of fixed dentures to the teeth carriers is done with a layer of binding biomaterials from the group of dental cements. Cement as the choice of dental biomaterials has to be the best cement for the most frequent, routine management for these type of works and most frequently used materials – metal, acrylate, ceramics. Cement must be safe to use with patients. Ideally, it must have longtime advantages such as to be for various uses, to find the right balance between results and simplicity of application, which are the most important for routine management. There are many types of cement. In this study, Zn-phosphate and glassionomer cement were used. In modern dental technology, production of cement is well developed and the most concerns are about non-toxicity, biocompatibility, bioinertion, biofunction. In some cases acidic balance disorder of saliva medium can bring to release of low doses of heavy metal ions after the reaction of cement and heavy metal ions from dental compounds. In this study, the best results were achieved with glassionomer cement, because the lowest percent of released heavy metal ions in saliva medium was noticed after cementing of fixed dentures by glassionomer cement. Because of its characteristics, glassionomer cement can be the choice material for permanent cementing of fixed prosthetic dentures