Minors contracts: its legal and equitable effects / Amir Abd. Aziz

The objective of this project paper is to look into the agreements made by minors whose contractual capacity has long been considered a controversial mattero Now the capacity of minors to contract has been fixed at 18 and this reduction from 21 was mainly due to the interferences of legislative bodies in introducing measures to make an agreement in which a minor is one of the parties, more equitable between the parties. But issues which are questionable and disputable still arise from the agreements made by those under 18. This matter needs to be scrutinised espacially when it is concerned with the division of powers and rights of the contracting parties. Therefore in discussing that area, the writer will focus on the legal and equitable effects of such agreements.The discussion will be made by looking at the position under the Contracts Act, 1950 with references to be made to English Common Law and Indian authorities, which are applicable. The introduction of an Amendment Act, 1976 of the Contracts Act, 1950 with regard to scholarship agreements entered into by minors has brought about some significances in its nature. By its strict application, the distinct changes in it haveled the creation of a notion of unequal bargaining of power between the contracting parties. this notion is concerned with th

Pemikiran Imre Lakatos (1922-1974) tentang Metodologi Program Riset dan Signifikansinya dalam Kajian Keislaman

Apart from Kuhn and Popper, Lakatos has become an important figure in thefield of Philosophy of Science for his scientific theories, which he calls researchprogrammes. For Lakatos, Popper?s theoretical falsification can be immensely dangerouswhen applied to the already established theories. On the other hand, in contrast to Kuhnwho assumed that a paradigm is by its nature immeasurable, Lakatos maintains that thecompeting scientific discoveries may in fact be compared between one another. To him,the main issues with regard to the logic of discovery cannot be dealt with satisfactorilyunless we do so within the framework of research programmes. The practicalimplementation of this would be that the hard core of this framework cannot be subjectedto modification -let alone- rejection. This hard core must in other words be protectedfrom what he terms falsification. Lakatos also maintains that what can be said as scientificis a series of theory, and not a single theory. This model of research programmes can infact be used in Islamic Studies in order to develop new theoretical principles that mayplay a role of convincing protective-belt on the one hand, and to find new premiseswhose discoveries can be used universally on the othe

The Relevance of the Five New Laws of Librarianship to the Development of Mosque Libraries in Indonesia

In today\u27s world of information technology disruption, library science must adapt quickly and accurately. The true library will always play an important role as a center of knowledge, including the mosque library, which is a distinct type of library because the majority of its collections are religious in nature. This article intends to discuss the New Five Laws of Librarianship as proposed by Michael Gorman, who revised the Ranganathan concept. The concept will be tested to determine its applicability to the design of the mosque library development, which is tasked with providing services to the surrounding Muslim community. Gorman\u27s principle that libraries serve humanity has a meeting point with the great ethos of mosque library managers in Indonesia. However, many things in the mosque library\u27s management need to be updated, such as strengthening services, optimizing more modern facilities, and assisting wider stakeholders

High Octane Number Fuels in Advanced Combustion Modes for Sustainable Transportation

The research community recently proposed a low-temperature combustion (LTC) concept that can simultaneously reduce Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and soot emissions while maintaining high engine efficiency. Given that diesel fuel is prone to preignition with early injection, gasoline-like fuel with high octane number is utilised to provide sufficient ignition delay and extend the load range. Understanding the influence of high-octane fuel on ignition delay is a key parameter to achieve higher loads in LTC. However, understanding is still lacking on the combustion characteristics of high-octane fuel under LTC in real engines, and the effect of fuel spray–piston interaction is not fully understood. Despite the extended load limits offered by high-octane fuels, they require energy-intensive production during the refinery processes, a condition that raises an issue with well-to-wheel carbon dioxide (CO2). To mitigate the issue of CO2 emission, research proposed methanol as a high-octane renewable fuel. This thesis focuses on assessing the impact of higher-octane number fuels in LTC under a low load condition. To achieve this objective, the work was divided into two parts. The first part was devoted to evaluating the required ignition delay of high-octane fuels and explaining the effect of fuel spray–piston interactions. In this work, the fuels were evaluated under similar operating conditions in a light-duty multi-cylinder engine. The experimental results revealed a linear correlation between octane number and required ignition delay for lower octane fuels. However, an exponential correlation was observed for higher number octane fuel because of the fuel spray–piston geometry interaction. The second part aimed to evaluate the effect of injection strategies and air dilution on methanol combustion in a heavy-duty engine. A comparison was performed between methanol and isooctane (primary reference fuel, PRF100) under injection timing sweep. Methanol was then compared at two intake pressures. Later, double and triple injection strategies with different mass proportions and dwells were performed on methanol under the partially premixed combustion. Additionally, numerical simulations were used to interpret the experimental results. The results revealed that the φ-stratification of methanol is less sensitive to the injection timing compared to that of PRF100. Soot emission was always low for methanol and insensitive to injection timing, compare to PRF100. When the intake pressure was increased, the mixture became globally lean, resulting in a lower NOx and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) but a minor penalty on carbon monoxide (CO) emission. The gross indicated efficiency of methanol was improved at the later injection timing for the boosted case. Subsequently, when compared with single injection, the double injection strategy with lower pilot mass and shorter pilot-main dwell showed an effective strategy to simultaneously reduce UHC and CO emissions and increase engine efficiency at the expense of a minor rise in NOx emission. Interestingly, the results demonstrated that the triple injection strategy was capable of achieving similar engine efficiency as the single and double injection strategies. Although a minor rise in CO emission occurred, the triple injection strategy demonstrated its potential to significantly decrease NOx and UHC emissions compared to other strategies

The Relevance of the Five New Laws of Librarianship to the Development of Mosque Libraries in Indonesia

In today\u27s world of information technology disruption, library science must adapt quickly and accurately. The true library will always play an important role as a center of knowledge, including the mosque library, which is a distinct type of library because the majority of its collections are religious in nature. This article intends to discuss the New Five Laws of Librarianship as proposed by Michael Gorman, who revised the Ranganathan concept. The concept will be tested to determine its applicability to the design of the mosque library development, which is tasked with providing services to the surrounding Muslim community. Gorman\u27s principle that libraries serve humanity has a meeting point with the great ethos of mosque library managers in Indonesia. However, many things in the mosque library\u27s management need to be updated, such as strengthening services, optimizing more modern facilities, and assisting wider stakeholders

Hypomagnesaemia in Acute Exacerbation Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease; Association with Anthonisen’s Levels of Exacerbation

Background: COPD is major public health issue causing morbidity and mortality. Lower serum magnesium levels are seen in patients with acute exacerbations compared to stable COPD patients. This study aims at identifying hypomagnesemia as predictor of COPD exacerbations that may help reduce the burden of readmissions and mortality. Material and Methods: The Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted –removed for blind review---from 16 July 2016 to 15 Jan 2017 after the ethical approval and informed consent. The indoor adult (>18years) diagnosed cases of COPD exacerbation were included by consecutive sampling. Patients with malignancy, pregnancy and receiving magnesium supplements were excluded.  Demographic details documented and after complete clinical evaluation, serum Magnesium levels of were assessed. Serum Magnesium < 1.80 mg/dl labeled hypomagnesaemia.  Data was analyzed by SPSS with significant p< 0.05. Results: Amongst 176 patients; there were 93(52.8%) males and 83(47.2%) females. Mean age was 56+7 years. Mean duration of COPD was 6.56 + 5.24 years (2-10 years).  Mean height in the study was 181 +12 cm and mean weight was 56.06 + 7.08 kg. The mean serum magnesium level was 1.5 + .49mg/dl. Low serum magnesium (<1.8 mg/dl) observed in 103(58.5%), gender wasn’t associated with hypomagnesaemia (p=0.294). Hypomagnesaemia in accordance to types of Anthonisen’s criteria was observed in 19(44.2%) with Type I, 37(57.8%) with Type II and 47(68.1%) with Type III COPD exacerbation. Hypomagnesaemia had significant association with Anthinosen’s levels of exacerbation (p=0.043). The mean age in patients with hypomagnesaemia was 56.61+6.78 Vs.  55.30+7.47 in patients without hypomagnesaemia (p=0.228). Conclusion: The study concludes mean serum magnesium levels are significantly lower in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (58.5%), particularly in type II and III. Magnesium levels should be performed in all COPD exacerbations irrespective of gender and age. Replacement of magnesium may be helpful in alleviating symptoms and reducing frequency of exacerbations. KEYWORDS:   COPD.   Acute exacerbation.  Serum Magnesium levels. Hypomagnesaemia

Hypomagnesaemia in Acute Exacerbation Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease; Association with Anthonisen’s Levels of Exacerbation

Background: COPD is major public health issue causing morbidity and mortality. Lower serum magnesium levels are seen in patients with acute exacerbations compared to stable COPD patients. This study aims at identifying hypomagnesemia as predictor of COPD exacerbations that may help reduce the burden of readmissions and mortality. Material and Methods: The Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted –removed for blind review---from 16 July 2016 to 15 Jan 2017 after the ethical approval and informed consent. The indoor adult (>18years) diagnosed cases of COPD exacerbation were included by consecutive sampling. Patients with malignancy, pregnancy and receiving magnesium supplements were excluded.  Demographic details documented and after complete clinical evaluation, serum Magnesium levels of were assessed. Serum Magnesium < 1.80 mg/dl labeled hypomagnesaemia.  Data was analyzed by SPSS with significant p< 0.05. Results: Amongst 176 patients; there were 93(52.8%) males and 83(47.2%) females. Mean age was 56+7 years. Mean duration of COPD was 6.56 + 5.24 years (2-10 years).  Mean height in the study was 181 +12 cm and mean weight was 56.06 + 7.08 kg. The mean serum magnesium level was 1.5 + .49mg/dl. Low serum magnesium (<1.8 mg/dl) observed in 103(58.5%), gender wasn’t associated with hypomagnesaemia (p=0.294). Hypomagnesaemia in accordance to types of Anthonisen’s criteria was observed in 19(44.2%) with Type I, 37(57.8%) with Type II and 47(68.1%) with Type III COPD exacerbation. Hypomagnesaemia had significant association with Anthinosen’s levels of exacerbation (p=0.043). The mean age in patients with hypomagnesaemia was 56.61+6.78 Vs.  55.30+7.47 in patients without hypomagnesaemia (p=0.228). Conclusion: The study concludes mean serum magnesium levels are significantly lower in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (58.5%), particularly in type II and III. Magnesium levels should be performed in all COPD exacerbations irrespective of gender and age. Replacement of magnesium may be helpful in alleviating symptoms and reducing frequency of exacerbations. KEYWORDS:   COPD.   Acute exacerbation.  Serum Magnesium levels. Hypomagnesaemia

Beberapa Metode Pengambilan Ektoparasit Pada Burung Merpati Pos (Columba Livia Gmelen)

JANITA AZIZ & M. AMIR. 1988.Some ectoparasites collecting methods of racing pigeon (Columba livia Gmelin). Berita Biologi 3(8):382 - 385.Extraction of ectoparasites of living racing pigeons was done using modified "Fait Isle".The insectisides used for the extraction were pyrethrum,caumaphos and chloroform.The number of acarines extracted during the night was higher than that during the day.In addition insecticides spraying treatment extracted more acarines than fumigation.From the 3 kinds of insecticides used,chloroform proved to kill more acarines than the other two insecticides

Enhancing vascular endothelial repair in the setting of insulin resistance: effects of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1

Insulin resistance (IR) leads to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and predisposes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) through its link with endothelial dysfunction. Cardiovascular risk factors and iatrogenic damage lead to biochemical and structural injury to the endothelium. Endogenous repair mechanisms are in place to regenerate injured endothelium. Insulin resistance has recently been shown to impair endothelial repair. The endogenously produced circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is potentially protective in the vasculature by stimulating nitric oxide production and enhancing insulin signalling in the endothelium. Cross-sectional studies have shown an association between low IGFBP-1 levels and CVD. This raises the possibility of exploiting IGFBP-1 therapeutically to prevent CVD in patients with diabetes. This project investigated whether IGFBP-1 enhances vascular endothelial repair in insulin resistant mice in vivo and probed potential molecular mechanisms by examining the effects of IGFBP-1 on human endothelial cells (EC) and angiogenic progenitor cells (APCs) in vitro. Endothelial regeneration was enhanced following arterial endothelium-denuding injury in IRKO mice by over-expressing human IGFBP-1. This was not explained by altered abundance or function of APCs. Incubation with IGFBP-1 significantly enhanced the ability of human EC to adhere to and regenerate denuded human vein ex vivo. In EC, IR was mimicked by the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) which significantly inhibited EC migration and proliferation in vitro. Co-incubation with IGFBP-1 restored the migratory and proliferative capacity of EC. IGFBP-1 significantly increased FAK phosphorylation, induced rapid activation of RhoA, and increased expression of α5β1 and αVβ3 integrins in EC. These multifactorial effects of IGFBP-1 on EC responses and acceleration of endothelial regeneration in mice raise the possibility that manipulating IGFBP-1 could be a strategy to enhance endothelial repair in humans with IR