9 research outputs found

    Conflicts Between Humans and Endangered Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at the Edge of an Agricultural Landscape in Morocco

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    International audienceThe expansion of shared spaces between humans and wildlife, particularly resulting from agricultural encroachment on natural habitats, leads to increasing interactions between humans and non-human primates (hereafter “primates”). We explored how crop-foraging Barbary macaques adapt their behavior to anthropogenic disturbances and identified deterrents implemented by farmers and their effectiveness. We observed three groups of crop-foraging Barbary macaques in AĂŻn Leuh, Morocco, in 2021-2022. We estimated their activity-budgets from 7185 scan records and tested whether they were influenced by habitat (forest, fruit orchard and cereal field). Additionally, we examined the impact of time of day, month, and age-sex class (adult female, adult male, immature) on macaque presence in cultivated areas. We also analyzed macaque responses to encounters with humans and dogs. Macaques primarily focused on feeding in cultivated areas while allocating more time to resting and socializing in forested areas. They used cultivated areas extensively during periods of human activity. Cereal fields, but not orchards, were predominantly visited by adult females rather than males or immatures. Macaques experienced 0.34 to 0.67 anthropogenic encounters per hour, with variation across months, and high rates of aggression from humans and dogs. Preemptive deterrence measures, such as using slingshots before macaques entered the crops, were more effective than confrontations inside the cultivated areas. While crop-guarding with slingshots was effective, it poses risks to the macaques. This study highlights the high risk of crop-foraging for Endangered Barbary macaques and the need to develop safer and more sustainable crop-guarding strategies to mitigate conflicts and promote human-Barbary macaque cohabitation.L’expansion d’espaces partagĂ©s entre humains et animaux sauvages, due notamment Ă  l’empiĂštement des zones agricoles sur les habitats naturels, entraĂźne une augmentation des interactions entre humains et primates non-humains (ci-aprĂšs « primates »). Nous explorons comment des magots se nourrissant dans des cultures adaptent leurs comportements face aux perturbations anthropiques. Nous identifions les moyens de dissuasion utilisĂ©s par les agriculteurs et leur efficacitĂ©. Nous avons observĂ© trois groupes de magots se nourrissant dans des cultures Ă  AĂŻn Leuh au Maroc en 2021-2022. Nous avons testĂ© l’influence du type d’habitat (forĂȘt, vergers et champs) sur leurs budgets-temps Ă  partir de 7185 observations scans. Nous avons testĂ© l’influence du moment de la journĂ©e, du mois et de la classe d’ñge-sexe (femelle adulte, mĂąle adulte, immature) sur la prĂ©sence des magots dans les cultures. Nous avons aussi analysĂ© les rĂ©ponses des magots aux rencontres avec des humains et des chiens. Les magots passaient plus de temps en alimentation et moins de temps en repos et interactions sociales dans les zones cultivĂ©es que dans les zones forestiĂšres. Ils utilisaient les cultures lors de pĂ©riodes de forte activitĂ© humaine. Les champs, contrairement aux vergers, Ă©taient majoritairement utilisĂ©s par les femelles adultes. Les magots ont subi chaque mois 0,34 Ă  0,67 perturbations anthropiques par heure, avec de forts taux d’agression par les humains et les chiens. Les mesures de dissuasion prĂ©ventives, telles que l’utilisation de frondes contre les magots avant qu’ils entrent dans les cultures, se montraient plus efficaces que les confrontations Ă  l’intĂ©rieur des cultures. Bien que les frondes soient efficaces pour protĂ©ger les cultures des magots, elles reprĂ©sentent des risques pour les magots. Cette Ă©tude met en Ă©vidence la forte tendance des magots Ă  prendre des risques et la nĂ©cessitĂ© de dĂ©velopper des stratĂ©gies de dissuasion plus sĂ»res et plus pĂ©rennes pour mitiger les conflits et permettre une cohabitation durable entre humains et magots

    Behavioural adjustments of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) inhabiting an agricultural landscape

    No full text
    International audiencePrimate habitats are heavily impacted by human activities, resulting in primate populations frequently inhabiting anthropogenic landscapes. Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) are forest-dependent monkeys whose habitats are increasingly modified by human activities. Their survival in such modified landscapes depends largely on behavioral flexibility, which they display notably by foraging in crops. Whilst Barbary macaques have been extensively studied in forests, their crop-foraging behaviors remain poorly known. In this study, we explore how Barbary macaques adjust their behavior in response to agricultural settlement and anthropogenic disturbance. The behavior of a human-commensal group living near a rural village in the Middle-Atlas (Morocco) was examined in relation to the availability of cultivated walnut, and compared with a group living in an undisturbed oak forest in Algeria. The commensal group used crops extensively, even when cultivated foods were not available, and despite high human presence and frequent aggression from people. Activity budgets were influenced by walnut availability, with the commensal group resting more, and feeding and foraging less when walnuts were available compared to when they were not. They were also influenced by habitat type, with the commensal group spending more time resting and socializing, and less time feeding and foraging than the forest group. Ranging patterns were also affected by habitat type: the commensal group travelled shorter hourly distances, and their home range and core area were, respectively, seven and five times smaller than those of the forest group. Our study reveals that Barbary macaques are able of great behavioral flexibility to adapt to anthropogenic landscapes. The use of crops by the commensal group resulted in improved foraging efficiency, the benefits of which appear to outweigh the costs induced by chasing and attacks by humans

    Behavioural adjustments of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) inhabiting an agricultural landscape

    No full text
    International audiencePrimate habitats are heavily impacted by human activities, resulting in primate populations frequently inhabiting anthropogenic landscapes. Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) are forest-dependent monkeys whose habitats are increasingly modified by human activities. Their survival in such modified landscapes depends largely on behavioral flexibility, which they display notably by foraging in crops. Whilst Barbary macaques have been extensively studied in forests, their crop-foraging behaviors remain poorly known. In this study, we explore how Barbary macaques adjust their behavior in response to agricultural settlement and anthropogenic disturbance. The behavior of a human-commensal group living near a rural village in the Middle-Atlas (Morocco) was examined in relation to the availability of cultivated walnut, and compared with a group living in an undisturbed oak forest in Algeria. The commensal group used crops extensively, even when cultivated foods were not available, and despite high human presence and frequent aggression from people. Activity budgets were influenced by walnut availability, with the commensal group resting more, and feeding and foraging less when walnuts were available compared to when they were not. They were also influenced by habitat type, with the commensal group spending more time resting and socializing, and less time feeding and foraging than the forest group. Ranging patterns were also affected by habitat type: the commensal group travelled shorter hourly distances, and their home range and core area were, respectively, seven and five times smaller than those of the forest group. Our study reveals that Barbary macaques are able of great behavioral flexibility to adapt to anthropogenic landscapes. The use of crops by the commensal group resulted in improved foraging efficiency, the benefits of which appear to outweigh the costs induced by chasing and attacks by humans

    Conflicts with humans and behavioral adjustments of endangered Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) living at the edge of an agricultural landscape in Morocco.

    No full text
    International audiencePrimate use of anthropogenic areas, resulting from crop encroachment at the edge of natural habitats, leads to increasing human-primate conflicts. We explore how Barbary macaques foragingin recent cherry orchard settlements adapt their behavior to face anthropogenic disturbances. Wehypothesize that macaques adjust their time-budget when using risky areas (i.e. orchards), and thatorchard visits involve mainly the least vulnerable individuals. We also aim to identify the deterrentsimplemented by farmers, and their efficiency. Activity budgets (estimated from scans, 887h) werecompared between land types. The difference of orchard use depending on age-sex categories wastested. Anthropogenic disturbances were recorded ad libitum, and we tested if the location of humanaggression (orchards vs. forest) towards macaques was related to the macaques’ closeness to theorchards one hour later. Macaques encountered 0.52/h disturbances and spent 37.5% of time inorchards, where they maximized feeding while minimizing resting and socializing (ANOVAs,alpha=0.01). Unexpectedly, all age-sex categories visited orchards in the same proportion (GLMM,alpha=0.05). Preemptively pushing macaques away from crops, when still in forest, was moreefficient than aggressing them when already in orchards (ChiÂČ, alpha=0.05). This study offers newinsight on the little-known behaviors of crop-foraging Barbary macaques and highlights their highrisk-taking behaviors compared to other primates. The violent deterrents used by farmers represent athreat to the conservation of this species. As human-primate contacts are expected to increase due toagricultural encroachment, there is an urgent need to find safer deterrents to mitigate conflicts andallow future human-primate cohabitation

    Ajustements comportementaux de singes magots (Macaca sylvanus) vivant dans un paysage agricole au Maroc

    No full text
    International audienceDans tous les Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres, les zones de transition entre milieux naturels et anthropiques s’érodent rapidement. La persistance d’animaux sauvages dans ces zones partagĂ©es repose sur leur flexibilitĂ© comportementale, ce qui implique parfois leur capacitĂ© Ă  exploiter des productions agricoles. Cependant, l’utilisation des cultures exacerbe les conflits humains-animaux, potentiellement fatals. Nous nous intĂ©ressons aux adaptations comportementales de singes magots en rĂ©ponse Ă  l’implantation rĂ©cente de cultures fruitiĂšres (cerisiers) dans leur domaine, en bordure de forĂȘt. Nous faisons l’hypothĂšse que 1) la consommation d’aliments cultivĂ©s permet d’augmenter leur efficacitĂ© de fourragement, et 2) ils modifient leur comportement dans les cultures par rapport aux zones forestiĂšres afin d’éviter les interactions avec les humains. Nous quantifions leurs rĂ©gimes alimentaires, budgets-temps, dĂ©placements quotidiens et taille de domaine vital. Nous les comparons Ă  ceux de groupes non-commensaux vivant dans des forĂȘts non-perturbĂ©es. Nous quantifions les perturbations anthropiques rencontrĂ©es par les macaques commensaux. Nous comparons aussi leurs budgets-temps entre zones cultivĂ©es et zones forestiĂšres. Enfin, nous testons l’effet de la pĂ©riode de la journĂ©e et des catĂ©gories d’ñge et de sexe sur l’utilisation des cultures. Les aliments cultivĂ©s reprĂ©sentent 38% du rĂ©gime des macaques commensaux. Ces derniers passent plus de temps en recherche alimentaire et en interactions sociales que les groupes non-commensaux, ont un domaine vital trois fois plus petit, et de plus courts dĂ©placements journaliers. Les macaques commensaux rencontrent en moyenne 0,52/h perturbations anthropiques. Ils passent 37,5% du temps dans les cultures oĂč ils maximisent leur temps d’alimentation et minimisent leur temps de repos et d’interactions sociales par rapport aux zones forestiĂšres. Tous les individus utilisent les cultures indĂ©pendamment de leur classe d’ñge et de sexe. Ils les visitent essentiellement dans l’aprĂšs-midi, pĂ©riode de forte prĂ©sence humaine. Cette Ă©tude dĂ©montre la grande flexibilitĂ© comportementale des magots dans des milieux anthropisĂ©s. Leur utilisation de l’espace suggĂšre une efficacitĂ© de fourragement et des gains Ă©nergĂ©tiques accrus rĂ©sultant de la consommation d’aliments cultivĂ©s riches en nutriments. La forte utilisation des zones cultivĂ©es par tous les individus suggĂšre des bĂ©nĂ©fices supĂ©rieurs aux coĂ»ts potentiels engendrĂ©s par les conflits agriculteurs/magots. Cependant, les nombreuses agressions humaines, potentiellement gĂ©nĂ©ratrices de stress et/ou de blessures, sont susceptibles d’impacter la dĂ©mographie des groupes vivant en zones de conflits. Le magot est considĂ©rĂ© en danger d’extinction. Dans le contexte actuel d’augmentation des zones de contacts entre singes et humains, il est donc urgent de trouver des solutions pour mitiger les conflits qui en dĂ©coulent

    Ajustements comportementaux du magot (Macaca sylvanus) espĂšce en danger vivant en bordure de paysages agricoles au Maroc

    No full text
    International audienceTransition zones between natural and human‐altered spaces are eroding in most terrestrial ecosystems. The persistence of animals in shared landscapes depends in part on their behavioral flexibility, which may involve being able to exploit human agricultural production. As a forest‐dependent species, the Barbary macaque ( Macaca sylvanus ) is affected by the progressive conversion of forest‐adjacent lands into crops. We explore how Barbary macaque behavior differs between groups living in a forest at the edge of agricultural zones (hereafter “disturbed groups”) and groups inhabiting undisturbed forests (hereafter “natural groups”). We compare the diets, activity‐budgets, home range sizes, daily path lengths, and sleeping site locations of the groups. We also quantify anthropogenic disturbances (i.e., rates of encounter with humans and dogs) and investigate relationships between such disturbances and the diets and activity budgets of macaques through multiple co‐inertia analysis. Disturbed groups included high proportions of cultivated food items in their diet and encountered over 0.5/h anthropogenic disturbances. Activity‐budgets differed between disturbed and natural groups and were mostly influenced by diets, not anthropogenic disturbances. Disturbed groups spent more time feeding and less time resting than natural ones. Patterns of space use differed markedly between groups, with disturbed groups displaying smaller home ranges, shorter daily path length, and much higher reutilization of sleeping sites than natural groups. This study highlights the dietary and behavioral flexibility of Barbary macaques living in human‐altered environments. Their patterns of space use suggest a reduction in energy expenditure in the disturbed groups due to the inclusion of cultivated food items in their diet possibly leading to increased foraging efficiency. However, the high rates of anthropogenic encounters, including aggressive ones, are likely stressful and may potentially induce extra energy costs and lead to macaque injuries. This could result in demographic costs for crop‐foraging groups, threatening the conservation of this endangered species.Les zones de transition entre espaces naturels et espaces impactĂ©s par les humains subissent des dĂ©gradations dans la plupart des Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres. La persistance des animaux dans les paysages partagĂ©s dĂ©pend pour partie de leur flexibilitĂ© comportementale, ce qui implique des capacitĂ©s Ă  exploiter les productions agricoles.En tant qu'espĂšce dĂ©pendante de la forĂȘt, le magot (Macaca sylvanus) est affectĂ© par la conversion progressive en cultures des terres adjacentes aux forĂȘts. Nous explorons comment le comportement des magots diffĂšre entre des groupes vivant dans une forĂȘt en bordure de zones agricoles (ci-aprĂšs « groupes perturbĂ©s ») et des groupes habitant des forĂȘts non perturbĂ©es (ci-aprĂšs « groupes naturels »). Nous comparons les rĂ©gimes alimentaires, les budgets d'activitĂ©, la taille du domaine vital, la longueur des trajets quotidiens et l'emplacement des dortoirs des groupes. Nous quantifions Ă©galement les perturbations anthropiques (c'est-Ă -dire les taux de rencontre avec des humains et des chiens) et Ă©tudions les relations entre ces perturbations et le rĂ©gime alimentaire et les budgets d'activitĂ© des macaques grĂące Ă  une analyse de co‐inertie multiple. Les groupes perturbĂ©s consommaient des proportions Ă©levĂ©es d’aliments cultivĂ©s et ont Ă©tĂ© confrontĂ©s Ă  plus de 0,5/h de perturbations anthropiques. Les budgets d'activitĂ© diffĂ©raient entre les groupes perturbĂ©s et naturels et Ă©taient principalement influencĂ©s par les rĂ©gimes alimentaires et non par les perturbations anthropiques. Les groupes perturbĂ©s passaient plus de temps Ă  se nourrir et moins de temps Ă  se reposer que les groupes naturels. Les modes d’utilisation de l’espace diffĂ©raient sensiblement entre groupes, les groupes perturbĂ©s affichant des domaines vitaux plus petits, une longueur de trajet quotidienne plus courte et une rĂ©utilisation des dortoirs beaucoup plus Ă©levĂ©e que les groupes naturels. Cette Ă©tude met en Ă©vidence la flexibilitĂ© alimentaire et comportementale des magots vivant dans des environnements anthropisĂ©s. Leurs modes d'utilisation de l'espace suggĂšrent une rĂ©duction de la dĂ©pense Ă©nergĂ©tique dans les groupes perturbĂ©s en raison de la consommation d'aliments cultivĂ©s qui pourrait conduire Ă  une efficacitĂ© accrue de la recherche de nourriture. Cependant, les taux Ă©levĂ©s de rencontres anthropiques, y compris agressives, sont probablement stressants et peuvent potentiellement induire des coĂ»ts Ă©nergĂ©tiques supplĂ©mentaires et entraĂźner des blessures aux macaques. Cela pourrait entraĂźner des coĂ»ts dĂ©mographiques pour les groupes qui se nourrissent dans les cultures, compromettant ainsi la conservation de cette espĂšce menacĂ©e

    Ajustements comportementaux de singes magots (Macaca sylvanus) vivant dans un paysage agricole au Maroc

    No full text
    International audienceDans tous les Ă©cosystĂšmes terrestres, les zones de transition entre milieux naturels et anthropiques s’érodent rapidement. La persistance d’animaux sauvages dans ces zones partagĂ©es repose sur leur flexibilitĂ© comportementale, ce qui implique parfois leur capacitĂ© Ă  exploiter des productions agricoles. Cependant, l’utilisation des cultures exacerbe les conflits humains-animaux, potentiellement fatals. Nous nous intĂ©ressons aux adaptations comportementales de singes magots en rĂ©ponse Ă  l’implantation rĂ©cente de cultures fruitiĂšres (cerisiers) dans leur domaine, en bordure de forĂȘt. Nous faisons l’hypothĂšse que 1) la consommation d’aliments cultivĂ©s permet d’augmenter leur efficacitĂ© de fourragement, et 2) ils modifient leur comportement dans les cultures par rapport aux zones forestiĂšres afin d’éviter les interactions avec les humains. Nous quantifions leurs rĂ©gimes alimentaires, budgets-temps, dĂ©placements quotidiens et taille de domaine vital. Nous les comparons Ă  ceux de groupes non-commensaux vivant dans des forĂȘts non-perturbĂ©es. Nous quantifions les perturbations anthropiques rencontrĂ©es par les macaques commensaux. Nous comparons aussi leurs budgets-temps entre zones cultivĂ©es et zones forestiĂšres. Enfin, nous testons l’effet de la pĂ©riode de la journĂ©e et des catĂ©gories d’ñge et de sexe sur l’utilisation des cultures. Les aliments cultivĂ©s reprĂ©sentent 38% du rĂ©gime des macaques commensaux. Ces derniers passent plus de temps en recherche alimentaire et en interactions sociales que les groupes non-commensaux, ont un domaine vital trois fois plus petit, et de plus courts dĂ©placements journaliers. Les macaques commensaux rencontrent en moyenne 0,52/h perturbations anthropiques. Ils passent 37,5% du temps dans les cultures oĂč ils maximisent leur temps d’alimentation et minimisent leur temps de repos et d’interactions sociales par rapport aux zones forestiĂšres. Tous les individus utilisent les cultures indĂ©pendamment de leur classe d’ñge et de sexe. Ils les visitent essentiellement dans l’aprĂšs-midi, pĂ©riode de forte prĂ©sence humaine. Cette Ă©tude dĂ©montre la grande flexibilitĂ© comportementale des magots dans des milieux anthropisĂ©s. Leur utilisation de l’espace suggĂšre une efficacitĂ© de fourragement et des gains Ă©nergĂ©tiques accrus rĂ©sultant de la consommation d’aliments cultivĂ©s riches en nutriments. La forte utilisation des zones cultivĂ©es par tous les individus suggĂšre des bĂ©nĂ©fices supĂ©rieurs aux coĂ»ts potentiels engendrĂ©s par les conflits agriculteurs/magots. Cependant, les nombreuses agressions humaines, potentiellement gĂ©nĂ©ratrices de stress et/ou de blessures, sont susceptibles d’impacter la dĂ©mographie des groupes vivant en zones de conflits. Le magot est considĂ©rĂ© en danger d’extinction. Dans le contexte actuel d’augmentation des zones de contacts entre singes et humains, il est donc urgent de trouver des solutions pour mitiger les conflits qui en dĂ©coulent

    Conflicts with humans and behavioral adjustments of endangered Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) living at the edge of an agricultural landscape in Morocco.

    No full text
    International audiencePrimate use of anthropogenic areas, resulting from crop encroachment at the edge of natural habitats, leads to increasing human-primate conflicts. We explore how Barbary macaques foragingin recent cherry orchard settlements adapt their behavior to face anthropogenic disturbances. Wehypothesize that macaques adjust their time-budget when using risky areas (i.e. orchards), and thatorchard visits involve mainly the least vulnerable individuals. We also aim to identify the deterrentsimplemented by farmers, and their efficiency. Activity budgets (estimated from scans, 887h) werecompared between land types. The difference of orchard use depending on age-sex categories wastested. Anthropogenic disturbances were recorded ad libitum, and we tested if the location of humanaggression (orchards vs. forest) towards macaques was related to the macaques’ closeness to theorchards one hour later. Macaques encountered 0.52/h disturbances and spent 37.5% of time inorchards, where they maximized feeding while minimizing resting and socializing (ANOVAs,alpha=0.01). Unexpectedly, all age-sex categories visited orchards in the same proportion (GLMM,alpha=0.05). Preemptively pushing macaques away from crops, when still in forest, was moreefficient than aggressing them when already in orchards (ChiÂČ, alpha=0.05). This study offers newinsight on the little-known behaviors of crop-foraging Barbary macaques and highlights their highrisk-taking behaviors compared to other primates. The violent deterrents used by farmers represent athreat to the conservation of this species. As human-primate contacts are expected to increase due toagricultural encroachment, there is an urgent need to find safer deterrents to mitigate conflicts andallow future human-primate cohabitation
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