Novos aspectos relacionados à produção de feno no Brasil

The hay production in Brazil has grown in recent years due to the producer awareness of the need for bulkyanimal supplementation of forage during the offseason. The hay production brings the advantage of the fact that these can bestored in different locations on the property, the ease of displacement relative to silage, plus the option of sale. In the case ofmarketing we are envisioning a growing market for the sale of bulky maintained. The current situation in our country followsthe trend of other, i.e., increasingly conserved forages are produced and marketed by specialized companies. With this we havea market that is increasingly demanding in health quality and nutritional value of forage purchased what makes producersworry about the supply of a high quality massive. The swine manure has enabled and forage production in some regions due tothe ability of full or partial replacement of chemical fertilizer and at the same time is going to solve an environmental problemof disposal and groundwater contamination. The use of tropical forage for hay production presents a limitation on the period ofautumn-winter, where the climate does not favor their growth. Thus in southern Brazil the winter forage is an option for hayproduction, such as oats and field peas. The areas of hay production should be'll get soil compaction exerted by variousoperation ranging from cutting to baling. The use of mowers conditioners widely used in Europe and the United States arecurrently being adopted by some producers because of injuries caused by the shafts, the water losses are faster, thus reducingthe time of dehydration.A produção de feno no Brasil vem crescendo nos últimos anos em função da conscientização do produtor danecessidade de suplementação volumosa dos animais no período de entressafra forrageira. A produção de feno traz comovantagem o fato desses poderem ser armazenadas em diferentes locais na propriedade, pela maior facilidade de deslocamentoem relação a silagem, além da opção de venda. No caso da comercialização estamos vislumbrando um mercado ascendentedestinado a venda desse volumoso conservado. A situação atual no nosso país segue a tendência dos demais, ou seja, cada vezmais forragens conservadas serão produzidas e comercializadas por empresas especializadas. Com isso temos um mercado quecada vez mais exigente em qualidade sanitária e valor nutricional do volumoso adquirido o que faz que os produtores sepreocupem com a oferta de um volumoso de alta qualidade. O dejeto suíno tem viabilizado e produção de forragem emalgumas regiões devido a capacidade de substituição total ou parcial da adubação química e ao mesmo tempo passa-se aresolver um problema ambiental de descarte e contaminação do lençol freático. O uso de forrageiras tropicais para produção defeno apresenta a limitação em relação ao período de outono inverno onde as condições climáticas não favorece seucrescimento. Sendo assim, no Sul do Brasil, as forrageiras de inverno são uma opção para produção de feno, como a aveia eervilha forrageira. Em áreas de produção de feno deve-se estar atendo a compactação do solo exercida pelas diversas operaçõesque vão do corte ao enfardamento. O uso de segadeiras condicionadoras amplamente usadas na Europa e Estados Unidos vêmatualmente sendo adotada por alguns produtores, pois através de injúrias causadas nas hastes, as perdas de água são maisrápidas, reduzindo assim o tempo de desidratação

Comércio eletrônico: uma análise do perfil do consumidor virtual na Universidade Federal Da Fronteira Sul Campus Cerro Largo

This paper focuses on the identification of the profile online purchases of the scholars in the Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Cerro Largo Campus. Bring up the following problem: Which is the virtual consumer profile found among the scholars of UFFS Campus Cerro Largo? To get the answer, a quantitative-oriented research through the application of a questionnaire containing questions related to economic, geographical conditions and online purchasing behavior of the interviewees. The sample was composed of 467 surveyed undergraduates of UFFS Cerro Largo Campus. The application of the questionnaire was made during the month of September 2015. The results indicate that the profile of the sample of consumers online is made up of the majority of young people under 21 years of age, female gender, residents of urban area of Cerro Largo, coming from small towns, still dependent on financial aid from their parents, with incomes between 251 R$and 500 R$ monthly, for which the primary function of internet access are in studies, use as the main form of payment the payment slip, which most purchases are use utensils, with average spending by buying between 101 R$and 250 R$, have had no problems when making purchases for electronic commerce and intend to use it again.Este trabalho teve como foco a identificação do perfil de compras on-line dos acadêmicos da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Campus Cerro Largo. Levantou-se o seguinte problema de pesquisa: Qual o perfil do consumidor virtual encontrado entre os acadêmicos da UFFS Campus Cerro Largo? Para chegar à resposta dessa questão, foi realizada uma pesquisa de cunho quantitativo, por meio da aplicação de um questionário contendo perguntas relacionadas às condições econômicas, geográficas e de comportamento de compra on-line dos entrevistados. A amostra pesquisada foi composta por 467 alunos de graduação da UFFS Campus Cerro Largo. A aplicação do questionário foi feita durante o mês de setembro de 2015. Os resultados apontam que o perfil da amostra dos consumidores on-line é composto pela maioria de jovens com menos de 21 anos de idade, do gênero feminino, residentes na área urbana de Cerro Largo, vindo de cidades de pequeno porte, ainda dependentes da ajuda financeira dos pais, com renda entre R$251 e R$ 500 reais mensais, para os quais a principal função do acesso à internet está nos estudos, usam como principal forma de pagamento das compras o boleto bancário, as quais são principalmente de utensílios de uso, com gastos médios por compra entre R$101 e R$ 250, não tiveram problemas ao realizar compras pelo comércio eletrônico e pretendem o utilizar novamente

Use of additives and pre-wilting in Tifton 85 bermudagrass silage production

The use of tropical grasses silage has become common in ruminant feed. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the fermentation characteristics, nutritional value, pH, fermentative capacity, ammonia nitrogen / total nitrogen (NH3N/total N) of Tifton 85 bermudagrass grass silage with different additives and wilting. The treatments were: pre-drying in the sun for two hours before silage, use of inoculant-enzymatic addition of soybean hulls, corn grits addition and use of salt in the surface layer of the silo. The experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Plants of Tifton 85 bermudagrass with 38 days of growth were ensiled in experimental silos with Bunsen valve type with packing densities of 236 kg of silage per m³ for Tifton 85 bermudagrass pre-dried in the sun and 294 kg of silage per m³ for the other treatments. The proportions of soybean hulls and corn grits added to the silage were calculated based on the initial DM content of Tifton 85 bermudagrass order to obtain MS 320 g kg-1 for the material to be ensiled. The buffering capacity did not differ between treatments in getting 29.56 (meqHCl/100gMS). It was found that the concentration of ammonia nitrogen did not differ between silages and remained low (3.22 g kg-1), the pH after silo opening was also similar with an average of 4.09 getting above 4.2 only in Tifton 85 bermudagrass silage without pre-treatment. The crude protein was higher in silages Tifton 85 bermudagrass and Tifton 85 bermudagrass with soybean hulls (17.48 g kg-1). The use corn grits caused a reduction in the values of NDF. The use of salt on the surface the layer reduced the production of latic and acetic acid

Dry matter production, chemical composition, dry matter digestibility and occurrence of fungi in Bermuda grass hay (Cynodon dactylon) under different fertilization systems or associated with pea plantings in winter

J.P. Ames, M.A. Neres, D.D. Castagnara, L.M. Mufatto, C. Ducati, C.C. Jobim, and T.T. Tres. 2014. Dry matter production, chemical composition, dry matter digestibility and occurrence of fungi in Bermuda grass hay (Cynodon dactylon) under different fertilization systems or associated with pea plantings in winter. Cien. Inv. Agr. 41(2): 163-174. This study aimed to evaluate the structural characteristics, dehydration curve, DM production, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and occurrence of fungi in Bermuda grass hay (Cynodon dactylon cv. 'Bermuda grass', Tifton 85) produced in winter under different forms of fertilization or in association with a winter annual legume. The experimental design used was a randomized block with split plots in time and with four treatments: Bermuda grass without fertilization or intercropping, Bermuda grass with nitrogen (N) chemical fertilizer (100 kg N ha-'year-1), Bermuda grass oversown with forage pea (Pisum arvense cv. 'Iapar 83'), and Bermuda grass with the addition of 70 m³ ha-1 swine slurry. Three evaluation periods (cutting, baling and 30 days of storage) and five replicates were used. The DM yield of Bermuda grass without N was 2607 kg ha-1. The use of swine slurry increased the DM yield of Bermuda grass more than the use of the N chemical fertilizer (4864 and 3551 kg ha-1, respectively). In association with forage pea, a high total DM yield was obtained: 4261 kg ha-1 of pea and 2171 kg ha-1 of Bermuda grass. The dehydration time and final crude protein content of the Bermuda grass were higher in association with the legume. The levels of acid detergent-insoluble protein increased with storage. The in vitro DM digestibility reduced the cut to 30 days of storage in treatments with Bermuda grass without association with the legume. A higher occurrence of fungi occurred after 30 days of storage, with Penicillium generally predominant; however, Phoma was predominant in the hay produced from Bermuda grass grown with no N supplementation.J.P. Ames, M.A. Neres, D.D. Castagnara, L.M. Mufatto, C. Ducati, C.C. Jobim y T.T. Tres. 2014. Producción de materia seca, composición química, digestibilidad de la materia seca y la aparición de hongos en heno de pasto Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon) bajo diferentes sistemas de fertilización o asociado con leguminosa anual de invierno. Cien. Inv. Agr. 41(2): 163-174. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo la evaluación de la curva de características estructurales, la deshidratación, la materia seca (MS), la composición química, digestibilidad in vitro de la MS y la aparición de hongos en heno de pasto Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon, cv. 'Tifton 85'), producido en invierno, bajo diferentes formas de fertilización o en asociación con una leguminosa anual de invierno. El diseño experimental utilizado fue de bloques al azar con parcelas divididas en el tiempo con cuatro tratamientos: Pasto Bermuda sin fertilización o consorcio, pasto Bermuda con fertilizante químico de nitrógeno (100 kg N ha- ¹ año -1), pasto Bermuda en asociación con el legume (Pisium avarse 'Iapar 83'), y pasto Bermuda con la adición de 70 m³ de purines ha-1 durante tres periodos de evaluación (de corte, de balas y 30 días de almacenamiento), con cinco repeticiones. El rendimiento de MS de pasto Bermuda sin nitrógeno fue 2.607 kg ha-1. El uso de purines porcinos aumentó el rendimiento de MS de pasto Bermuda más que el uso del nitrógeno fertilizante químico (4864 y 3551 kg ha-1, respectivamente). Su asociación con la leguminosa, de alto rendimiento de MS total, obtuvo: 4.261 kg ha-1 de guisantes y 2.171 kg ha-1 de pasto Bermuda. El tiempo de deshidratación y de proteína cruda total del heno de pasto Bermuda fueron más altos en asociación con leguminosas. Los niveles de la proteína insoluble en detergente ácido aumentaron con el almacenamiento y la digestibilidad de la MS in vitro, reduciendo el corte a los 30 días de almacenamiento en los tratamientos con pasto Bermuda y sin asociación con leguminosas. La mayor incidencia de los hongos se produjo después de 30 días de almacenamiento, con un predominio de Penicillium, excepto en el heno de pasto Bermuda, en ausencia de nitrógeno, donde el género predominante fue Phoma

Aspects related to production e storage of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay with white oat IPR 126 and Guapa oversowing

Avaliou-se as características estruturais, curva de desidratação, produção de matéria seca, composição bromatológica, ocorrência de fungos, temperatura dos fardos no armazenamento do feno de capim tifton 85 sobressemeados com aveia branca de ciclo longo (IPR 126) e aveia branca para produção de grãos de ciclo curto (Guapa). Na composição bromatológica, o delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo com 3 tratamentos (tifton 85 solteiro, tifton 85 com sobressemeadura da aveia IPR 126 e tifton 85 em associação com aveia branca Guapa em 3 períodos de avaliação (corte, enfardamento e 30 dias de armazenamento), com 5 repetições. A produção de MS foi superior no tifton 85 solteiro quando comparado em associações com aveia. O maior diâmetro de colmo da aveia branca guapa contribuiu na redução das perdas de água por desidratação, sendo este feno armazenado com MS abaixo de 800g.kg-1. Verificou-se que os teores de PB não diferiram entre as espécies, no entanto o tifton 85 apresentou maiores teores de PIDA, FDN e lignina. A ocorrência de fungos foi mais elevada após o armazenamento, predominando fungos do gênero Penicillium.Structural characteristics, curve dehydration, dry matter production, chemical composition, occurrence of fungi, temperature in the storage of hay bales of Tifton 85 oversowing with long-cycle oat (IPR 126) and oats for short-cycle grains production (Guapa), were evaluated. For chemical composition, the experimental design used was randomized blocks, a split-plot overtime and 3 treatments (single Tifton 85, Tifton 85 with IPR 126 oat oversowing and Tifton 85 in association with Guapa white oat and 3 assessment periods (cutting, baling and 30 days of storage) with 5 repetitions. The dry matter production was higher in single Tifton 85 compared to associations with white oat. The largest stem diameter of guapa white oat contributed to reduce losses of water in the dehydration process, with the hay in this  culture system being stored under 800 g kg-1 DM. It was found that the crude protein did not differ between cropping systems, but Tifton 85 hay showed high levels of acid detergent insoluble protein and higher levels of NDF and lignin. The occurrence of fungi was higher after storage predominating fungi of the genus Penicillium.

Riso imotivado: relato de três casos

Os autores fazem uma revisão das causas e fisiopatologia do riso imoti-vado e de sua classificação. São apresentados três casos de riso imotivado. Um em que o distúrbio está associado a alterações motoras e sensitivas ocorrendo em crises diferentes entre si e sempre seguidas de recuperação integral, no qual foi feito o diagnóstico de esclerose múltipla. No segundo caso o riso estava associado a déficit motor e livedo reticular, tendo sido feito o diagnóstico de vasculite. No terceiro caso havia associação com paresia facial central à direita, em paciente diabético e hipertenso, com evidência de comprometimento vascular em outras áreas, tendo sido feito o diagnóstico de doença cerebrovascular

Use of conditioners in the production of Tifton 85 grass hay

The objectives of this study were to estimate the curve of dehydration, bromatological composition and occurrence of fungi in Tifton 85 grass, submitted to four methods of dehydration. The curves of dehydration were studied in a completely randomized design with a 4 × 11 factorial scheme with four drying systems (1 conditioning + 1 turn-over; 2 conditionings + 1 turn-over; no conditioning + 1 turn-over and no conditioning + 2 turn-overs) and 11 sampling times (0, 3, 15, 18, 21, 24, 39, 42, 45 and 47 hours after the cutting), with six replicates. For the bromatological composition and fungi occurrence, the experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme with the four drying methods of Tifton 85 grass and three periods of evaluation (before the cutting, at the time of the baling and 30 days after storage) with six replicates. It was found that after the first hour after cutting and at the end of the period of dehydration, Tifton 85 plants that were treated with conditioners showed higher levels of dry matter. Stored hay that was treated with conditioners presented higher levels of acid detergent insoluble protein. Until baling, the drying methods did not alter the crude protein content of hay; however, after storage, the hay submitted only to turn-over showed crude protein content higher (13.90%) than those submitted to conditioners (9.94%). There was an increase in the occurrence of fungi after storage, but the application of conditioners and one turn-over resulted in lower CUF/g, compared with other treatments, enhancing the effect of conditioners on accelerating the dehydration rate and obtaining better hay storage condition

Control for Societal-scale Challenges:Road Map 2030

The world faces some of its greatest challenges of modern time and how we address them will have a dramatic impact on the life for generations to come. Simultaneously, control systems, consisting of information enriched by various degrees of analytics followed by decision-making, are pervading a variety of sectors, not only in engineering but beyond, into financial services, socio-economic analysis, entertainment and sports, and political and social sciences. Increased levels of automation are sought after in various sectors and being introduced into new domains. All of these advances and transformations urge a shift in the conversation toward how control systems can meet grand societal- scale challenges. The document seeks to chart a roadmap for the evolution of control systems, identifying several areas where our discipline can have an impact over the next decade

Control for Societal-scale Challenges: Road Map 2030

The world faces some of its greatest challenges of modern time and how we address them will have a dramatic impact on the life for generations to come. Simultaneously, control systems, consisting of information enriched by various degrees of analytics followed by decision-making, are pervading a variety of sectors, not only in engineering but beyond, into financial services, socio-economic analysis, entertainment and sports, and political and social sciences. Increased levels of automation are sought after in various sectors and being introduced into new domains. All of these advances and transformations urge a shift in the conversation toward how control systems can meet grand societal- scale challenges. The document seeks to chart a roadmap for the evolution of control systems, identifying several areas where our discipline can have an impact over the next decade