Karakterisasi Senyawa Aktif Antioksidan Dan Antibakteri Dalam Ekstrak Etanol Buah Namnam (Cynometra Cauliflora L.)

Telah dilaporkan penelitian untuk mengetahui senyawa yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri dalam ekstrak etanol buah namnam (C. cauliflora L.) menggunakan instrumen GC-MS. Hasil analisa GC-MS menunjukkan adanya senyawa 5-hiroksimetilfurfural sebagai komponen utama dalam ekstrak etanol buah namnam. Ekstrak etanol buah namnam memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 328,29 ppm dan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap E. coli dan S. aureus dengan zona hambat masing-masing 16 mm pada konsentrasi 20%

Karakteristik Cookies Berbahan Dasar Tepung Sukun (Artocarpus Communis) Bagi Anak Penderita Autis

Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis) has been reported as a functional food ingredient for autistic children. This study aims to determine the level of A panelist on cookies breadfruit and various formulations compared to other flour-based cookies which include the effect of additives on the properties of chemistry, physics, power accept cookies breadfruit, calcium and phosphorus levels cookies breadfruit, breadfruit cookies and find out the most preferred if it meets quality standards according to SNI 01-2973-1992 cookies or not. Organoleptic test was conducted to determine the level of preference and acceptance panelist on cookies breadfruit compared with other flour-based cookies (wheat, rice, sago) and breadfruit cookies in a variety of formulation. The parameters used include, colour, frageance, texture, flavor and overall acceptance. Calcium level test performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy method at λ 422.7 nm and phosphorus levels using UV-Vis spectroscopy at λ 880 nm. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance anova and Duncan analysis. The test results showed Cookies breadfruit organoleptif have low enrollment compared to other flour cookies views of the average revenue flavor and general acceptance of cookies breadfruit, breadfruit cookies formulations can improve the physical properties (fragrance, flavor, color, and texture) and acceptance of cookies breadfruit by panelists. An increase in the average value of A formulation compared breadfruit cookies before formulation. Cookies are breadfruit tersukai 718 formulations with soy milk additives. Quality breadfruit cookies tersukai 718 formulations in general accordance with SNI 01-2973-1992 except protein content and contained 8.05% Cu content with a small concentration (1.56 ppm). Cookies breadfruit tersukai have the highest levels of calcium and phosphorus compared with breadfruit flour and commercial cookies for autistic children so that the most preferred breadfruit cookies very well taken by autistic children

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Pengaruh Sosialisasi Perpajakan dan Kesadaran Wajib Pajak terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor Kabupaten Bandung Barat

Kendaraan Bermotor merupakan objek Pajak Kendaraan (PKB) dimana pajak tersebut yang wajib dibayar oleh tiap owner kendaraan bermotor yang mengoperasikan kendaraannya di jalur universal. Dari banyaknya pengguna kendaraan bermotor ada banyak kendaraan yang tidak melaksanakan catatan ulang( KTMDU). Tujuan riset ini adalah mengukur besarnya Pengaruh variabel Sosialisasi Perpajakan serta Pemahaman WP dengan Kepatuhan WP dari Pajak Kendaran Bermotor (PKB). Tata cara penelitian yang dpergunakan merupakan tata cara deskriptif kuantitatif dengan informasi data primer yang didapatkan dari hasil kuisioner yang dibagikan. Populasi dalam riset ini merupakan pemilik yang menjadi WP Kendaraan Bermotor diarea Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Analisis ilustrasi yang digunakan ialah random sampling sederhana dengan hasil sebanyak 100 orang. Metode analisis informasi yang digunakan merupakan analisis regresi yang regresi berganda dengan perlengkapan bantu perhitungan memakai aplikasi SPSS v.22. Bersumber pada dari hasil riset membuktikan kalau Sosialisasi Perpajakan serta Pemahaman WP mempengaruhi secara individu serta bersama-sama (simultan) terhadap Kepatuhan WP Kendaraan Bermotor di area Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Nilai koefisien determinasi 31,9% yang berarti Sosialisasi Perpajakan serta Pemahaman WP terhadap Kepatuhan WP Kendaraan Bermotor mempengaruhi sebesar 31,9%, sedangkan 68,1% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak ditelit

THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON NUSANTARA HERITAGE

WELLCOMING SPEECH BUILDING CULTURE CREATING NATION’S PERSONALITY Wellcoming Speech By I Gede Arya Sugiartha Rector of ISI Denpasar The socio-cultural problems that challenge our nationality have penetrated into public space. Ranging political, economic, educational, health, to humanity these problems have become an issue that can be clearly seen and freely witnessed through the mass media. The occurrence of tragedies such as the SARA conflict, armed conflict, the disintegration of our nation and the increasing presence of terrorism networks mark our nation as a “danger area” that can threaten everyone here at any time. In the past, our country was a highly developed and glorious geographical and political area often described as the “tata tentrem karta raharja” or “the kingdom of peace" The success stories of the Sriwijaya Kingdom, the Majapahit Kingdom uniting our nation, the birth of various works, such as Borobudur, Prambanan, and Angkor Wat showcase the world of wonder that is our nation. This is a proof that this nation is a safe place that gives artists an opportunity to thrive and produce new works. Today, we have to explore the true meaning of success and the birth of archaeological wonders that are inherited to us through this nation. KEYNOTE SPEAKER’S ABSTRACT FOOTPRINTS, TRAILS AND EXPLORE (EARTHLY) NUSANTARA FINE ARTS Setiawan Sabana Institut Teknologi Bandung [email protected] INTRODUCTION The echoes of the terminology, the concept and practice of Nusantara culture were heard and felt increasingly expressed relentlessly in various forums, whether of political dimension, historical, educational, science and technology, to arts and culture. This movement is emerging in various formats. In the academic realm, there is an ongoing effort to understand and deepen the Nusantara in researches in various universities. Great attention to the excavation of the values and meanings of Nusantara today becomes a colossal event. It can be seen and interpreted as a revitalization of consciousness to tread, trace and explore the civilization and culture that became the foundation and the significant life breath in the geographical region in the Southeast Asian populations which are administratively within ASEAN. The Nusantara echo is enlarged in the region in its form, discourse, expression and terminology. In essence, this monumental consciousness, in my opinion, is synonymous with a new awareness of the importance of awakening the facts and the reality of identity around ourselves. The range of a long and distinctive journey is unique in the context of the natural terrain, culture and civilization, and its products are different from other regions of the world. BRIDGING INFORMAL, NON-FORMAL AND FORMAL EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES TO SUPPORT THE ARTS, CULTURAL HERITAGE DIVERSITY, AND SOCIAL COHESION Diane Butler Assoc. Professor Kajian Budaya Doctoral Studies Program, Universitas Udayana (USA/Indonesia) Given that across the Nusantara region there are thousands of sacred natural and built heritage structures and sites and a multitude of forms of tangible and intangible cultural heritage – it is vitally important that young people can receive practical knowledge and tools so as to enable them to take part in “the identification, protection, presentation and interpretation of heritage structures, sites or areas in their setting” (see ICOMOS, 2005 Xi’an Declaration). The social reality of people from various ethno-cultural backgrounds with diverse languages and religious practices residing in, visiting or journeying through all regions of the world also requires strengthening skills for cooperation and the capacity for intercultural creative dialogue. Aware of the linkage between these two matters, the question that needs addressing is how can artists – both tradition-bearers and contemporary practitioners – and experiential learning through art praxis continue to have a prominent role in the field of heritage preservation and the shaping of cultural environments for the future. This paper thus takes up the topic of bridging informal, non-formal and formal educational approaches to support the arts, cultural heritage diversity, and social cohesion. Keywords: informal, non-formal and formal education; art praxis; tangible and intangible cultural heritage diversity; social cohesion [email protected] ABSTRACT GLOBAL SHOCK AND NUSANTARA HERITAGE Jean Couteau Assoc. Professor Indonesian Institute of The Arts of Denpasar France/Indonesia [email protected] INTRODUCTION There are several ways to interpret the theme of this conference: Nusantara Heritage. I choose to appoint, not the content of the inheritance itself, in all of its riches, but what sees as its problematic "survival" implicit in it: how to build and preserve a nation, and a country that is truly united and unified, although consist of components that are often very different from each other? At the level of its citizens, how to get Indonesians to construct their identity in a balanced way between several layers: the national, ethnic and religious layer, in order for their unity to remain firm. This problematic has actually been present in the dialectics of the symbolic-ideological system of Indonesia since the formulation of Indonesian concepts: politically in the Sumpah Pemuda of 1928 and in the speeches of Sukarno and the founders of other nations; culturally in the writings of Ki Ajar Dewantara; and normative ideologically within Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, Pancasila and related symbolic systems. This fact makes Ben Anderson formulate the concept of nationalism as an "imagined community". This problem also overshadows the writings of Radhar Panca Dahana and Azyumardi Azra (Islam Nusantara). BUILDING VIRTUAL FOUNDATION THROUGH UTILIZATION OF THE NOBLE VALUES OF NUSANTARA’S CULTURAL HERITAGE. I Wayan Rai S Indonesia Institute of Art and Culture (ISBI) Tanah Papua, Jayapura. [email protected] ABSTRACT In accordance with the theme of The International Seminar on Nusantara Heritage (ISoNH) 2017, which is “Nusantara’s Cultural Arts Diversity as Inheritance Source of Tolerant and Inclusive Society’s Development Values” I would like to deliver a paper entitled: “Building Virtual Foundation Through Utilization of the Noble Values of Nusantara’s Cultural Heritage”. Specifically I want to discuss about the noble values that are contained in Nusantara (Indonesia) cultural heritage which are relevant to be utilized universally as a source of inspiration and tolerance. In order for us to use them as a source of inspiration and tolerance, it is necessary to build a solid foundation, which I call the "Virtual Foundation". As an illustration, I use a new art creation entitled Kecak Rasa Papua Dance (Kecak with Papua Taste Dance), produced in 2015 at ISBI Tanah Papua, Jayapura. The purpose of this work is in line with the theme of our international seminar today, which is how to build a sense of togetherness ARTS APRECIATION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF ETHNOMATHEMATICS Abdul Halim bin Husain, Rushana Bte Sulaiman @ Abd. Rahim Sultan Idris Education University [email protected] INTRODUCTION This paper is on arts via ethnomathematic approaches. The arts focused include, weaving, fine arts, textiles, carvings, and architecture. The study analyzes the mathematical principles found in each chosen work. The beauty of patterns and motifs can be seen through geometric designs. Visual observation is done to extract information on the relationship between arts and mathematics. The results of observation through the beauty of art work is expected to show its beauty from ethnomathematic aspects. This study is able to extend the boundaries of appreciation especially in the arts, based on ethnomathematic features in general. Early 1970s the national cultural congress in Malaysia has raised questions about national identity. The congress felt it is necessary to be aware of some elements to symbolically identify the national culture and the background of society. The background of the Malay community was influenced by the culture and the paradigm of thinking. A rich heritage of culture and customs enabled them to build their traditions from the foreskin of thought and inherited philosophy. THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF NUSANTARA HERITAGE: FOCUSING ON THE RELIGION AND CULTURE IN BALI Shinobu Yamaguchi Professor, Department of Eastern Philosophy and Culture, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan [email protected] ABSTRACT Śiwa-Buddha is the basic concept in the present Balinese Hinduism originated in old Java. In India, the concept of Śiva-Buddha was not born. Thus, this concept is a characteristic of Balinese Hinduism. We can see the examples of this concept in some Javanese and Balinese temple-architectures and statues. And another feature of Balinese Hinduism, namely, ancestor worship is the result of absorption of indigenous element by Indian religions. Those two elements are the important characteristics of Balinese Hinduism as a Nusantara heritage. Now Indonesian people confront with the modernization or globalization. I don’t think the people should abandon their traditional society and culture due to globalization. However, I think that people should judge the order of priority in every social and cultural element, thinking their nation, Indonesia first. We should examine the meaning of ‘Nusantara’ again in modern context. Keywords: Siwa-Budha, Nusantara Heritage, Meaning of ‘Nusantara’, Religion and Culture PARTICIPANT’S ABSTRACT VISUAL ARTS OF PREHISTORIC SOCIETY BASED ON THE MOTIF AND SYMBOLISM ON CAVE PAINTING IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Adnan Jusoh, Yunus Sauman & Mohamad Kamal Kamarudin Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper aims to explore the uniqueness of prehistoric society visual arts on motif sketches and cave paintings. A number of such paintings were found in Peninsular Malaysia, nevertheless they are less known by the public. The uniqueness of the arts that exhibit multiple shapes and motifs yet is very interesting to be displayed to the public knowledge. Therefore, using books and journals, this article attempts to analyse several aspects of the cave paintings. Cave painting should be viewed as part of visual art that needs to be analysed from the sociocultural activities of the prehistoric societies or the Orang Asli societies in several parts of Peninsular Malaysia. Human, animal and nature sketches are among the elements of motifs and ornamentation found on the cave paintings. They are not a product of individual creativity alone, but they capture the reality of the events, social activities, rituals and beliefs of the societies. In short, evidence suggests that cave art has contributed in giving up information of the sociocultural activities during that era. Keywords: Visual Arts, Prehistory, Motifs, Sociocultural Activities, Cave Paintings THE SERAT NITIK BAYUNAN: THE DISCOURSE OF ASCETICISM JAVANESE WOMEN IN THE PATRIARCHAL CULTURE HEGEMONY Afiliasi Ilafi, Adi Putra Surya Wardhana Universitas Sebelas Maret afiliasiilafi60@ student.uns.ac.id ABSTRACT Javanese society adheres to patriarchal culture. Social and cultural constructions place the power and status of Javanese women under men domination. However, there are ancient manuscripts that show that Javanese women have a great social role. One of them is the Serat Nitik Bayunan which tells the story of a princess’s decision to be celibate. It means that she obedient the asceticism principle which is known as Mesu Budi in Javanese term. Therefore, this paper has several goals. The first is to find out what is the content of the Serat Nitik Bayunan? The second is how the discourse of asceticism Javanese women constructed in the middle of the patriarchal culture hegemony. This paper used qualitative data analysis, by using the Michel Foucault’s discourse as main theory and feminism approach. The result shows that the Serat Nitik Bayunan is an ancient manuscript which was written in the circa 1911 AD to glorify G.K. Rt Pambayun as Princess of Keraton Surakarta, Paku Buwana VII. Her decision was not easy due to the purpose of the princess to be married as a political pawn. It shows that a princess and Javanese women have an immense social role in the patriarchal culture. However, this discourse actually was built to empower the standing of the Sultan of Surakarta. Keywords: Serat Nitik Bayunan, Discourse, Asceticism, Javanese Women THE POTENCY OF SANG HYANG PERAHU DANCE TO BE THE CULTURAL AND SPIRITUAL ATTRACTION IN LEMBONGAN VILLAGE, NUSA PENIDA, KLUNGKUNG REGENCY Agus Muriawan Putra, I Ketut Antara Universitas Udayana [email protected], ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to know the potential of Sang Hyang Perahu Dance to be the cultural and spiritual attraction in Lembongan Village which is a sacred dance, so this dance remains a culture belonging to Lembongan community as part of religious ritual and keeps its sacredness as Wali Dance. Data were collected using Focus Group Discussion and Interview, Field Study, and Library Studies. The results of this research are: (1) To know the potential of tourism in Lembongan Village; (2) Sang Hyang Perahu Dance profile and its sacred song series; and (3) The effort to awaken Sang Hyang Perahu Dance as the cultural heritage of the Lembongan Ancestors. Keywords: Cultural Potential, Wali Dance, Ritual Process, Tri Hita Karana MYTHS IN SUNDANESE AND JAPANESE CULTURE: CONSERVATION VALUE OF HARMONIZATION IN MODERN LIFE Agus Suherman Suryadimulya, Asep Yusup Hudayat Universitas Padjadjaran [email protected] ABSTRACT The understanding of the traditional cross-cultural values (Sundanese and Japanese culture) embodied in myths is essential to achieving international harmony among modern-day nations. Language as a binder of ideas, attitudes, and cultural behavior to represent the power of the expression of the myths that survive in the Sundanese and Japanese culture. Kaplan and Manners (2002: 79- 81; 165-169) argue that in interpreting the belief system it is necessary to do complementary cognitive equations rather than displace other interpretations and keep in mind the meanings expressed by the citizens who own the belief system. Based on these interpretive mechanisms, Sundanese and Japanese cultures potentially still show some community attachment to myth for a number of activities that are bound by their natural and social environment. This study targets a mythical scheme in consciousness quadrant. The scheme model is designed systematically and functionally to be used as a reference in optimizing the understanding of the myth in the perspective of traditional beliefs that have value to modern life. Keywords: Myths, Sunda-Japan, Modernity, Conservation DISCOURSE OF THE HEALING DISEASE THROUGH LOCAL TREATMENT ‘MALUKAT’ IN BALI Anak Agung Kade Sri Yudari Universitas Hindu Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Consecration sources of springs by the Hindu community in Bali since a long time has been done. As time passes and the progress of society's way of thinking, the source of water is used as a place of purification known as 'malukat'. The discourse about malukat rampant discussed by society ten years lately because functioned as a solution of healing all sorts of diseases. This phenomenon is followed by the number of malukat spots popping up even its existence almost every district in Bali. Usually in places like malukat; River, sea, lake, campuhan, pancuran, kelebutan, and others established a 'palinggih' and adjacent to the temple. The focus of analysis in this paper; Why malukat discourse as a solution to cure diseases and how the process of malukat that can cure disease. With the orientation of structural-functional theory which is elaborated through descriptive-qualitative method the results can be summarized as follows; That malukat is a local wisdom that has a very deep message of philosophy and meaning, as it appears in the Vedic texts. In its implementation in the society of malukat is seen as a solution because it’s meaning and its function has been proven to cure various kinds of illness of birth and soul. While the proce

The Global Retinoblastoma Outcome Study: a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

Background Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. Methods We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1,2017, and Dec 31,2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. Findings The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23.2 months (IQR 11.0-36.5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0.8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5.4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19. 7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42.9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enudeation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98.8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99.5% (95% CI 98.8-100.0) for children from high-income countries, 91.2% (89.5-93.0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80.3% (78.3-82.3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57.3% (524-63-0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16.67; 95% CI 4.76-50.00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8.98; 4.44-18.18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1.38 per year; 1.23-1.56). For children aged 3-7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0.0104 for the change in slope). Interpretation This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Y