Postcolonial Servitude: Interiority and System in Daniyal Mueenuddin’s In Other Rooms, Other Wonders

This article focuses on Pakistani-American writer Daniyal Mueenuddin's notable first collection of interlinked short stories In Other Rooms, Other Wonders (2009) as an example of an emergent wave of contemporary transnational fiction that foregrounds the figure of the domestic servant as central, not marginal, emphasizing diverse servants' vulnerability and agency as stigmatized subaltern individuals locked within cultures of domestic servitude. Situating his fiction in the contexts of Anglophone South Asian literary history and Pakistan's postcolonial feudal system, it argues that Mueenuddin makes a significant intervention by crafting strategies of subaltern representation that explore a servant's interiority, and highlighting the interlocking systems of power that dehumanize or constrain him or her. It explores the intersections of gender, sexuality, and class evoked in these stories, the psychic complexities of individuals who struggle against habitual abjection, subordination, and disempowerment, and the ways servants, working in the intimacy of an employer's home, strive to ameliorate their lot within frameworks of patriarchy, corruption, and violence. Mueenuddin's cultural work is to urge shifts in ways of seeing, to defamiliarize the familiar, and to encourage empathetic ways of thinking about ethical action in specific postcolonial contexts

The intellectual, ethical, and, spiritual dimensions of the Islamic thought

The intellectual inquiry and acquisition of knowledge have always been integral to Islam, right from the first revelation recorded by the Qur’an. This paper aims to examine how the origin, role, and purpose of intellect have been understood in Islamic thought from its inception and through its subsequent evolution. It further aims to discuss the role and purpose that intellect and ethics ought to serve in the faith and lives of contemporary Muslims. Muslim philosophers based their ideas on teachings of the Qur’an and teachings of Prophet Muhammad. They utilized their intellect to share this significant knowledge with their contemporary intellectuals to further human reasoning and inquiry at large. In Islamic thought, Intellect and ethics go hand in hand. A crucial objective here is to determine the essential meaning of Jihad, so as to establish a sound intellectual basis for ethical behavior. Understanding the role that intellect can and should play in a Muslim’s life holds the key to resolving crucial problems that contemporary Muslims face, such as the rise of various forms of fundamentalism and misconceptions of Jihad. I hope to show that Islamic ethics and spirituality grounded in conscientious intellectual inquiry can be instrumental in counteracting and overcoming ignorance and unwarranted violence

From boron containing heterocycles to oxygen rich ligands for lanthanide coordination and extraction

Jusqu’à l’aube du 21e siècle, les lanthanides étaient considérés comme les métaux les plus difficiles à travailler et à manipuler. En effet, en raison de leur chimie de coordination imprévisible, la caractérisation des complexes de lanthanides représente un défi de taille pour les chimistes expérimentaux. Cependant, les dernières décennies ont vu une évolution considérable de la chimie organométallique de ces éléments du groupe f. Les orbitales-f non-perturbées contenant plusieurs éléctrons non-appariés dans certains lanthanides les ont rendu indispensables dans des applications modernes tels la catalyse, les diodes électroluminescents organiques, les luminophores, les agents de contraste en IRM et les matériaux magnétiques. La coordination de composés déficients en électrons aux lanthanides est considérée difficile en raison de l’électrophilcité de ces éléments. Malgré tout, les uniques propriétés magnétiques et optiques des lanthanides rendent importante l’étude de leurs complexes avec divers ligands, en particulier avec ceux qui possèdent un caractère acide de Lewis. Nous avons décidé de nous intéresser à ce défi en concevant des ligands hétéroaromatiques de bore capables de satisfaire les exigences électroniques et stériques des lanthanides. En plus de réaliser la coordination de ces ligands déficients en électrons à des lanthanides, nous avions pour but d’étudier leur effet sur les propriétés magnétiques de ces métaux. Premièrement, nous avons préparé un complexe monoanionique de boratabenzène et avons étudié sa coordination avec plusieurs ions de lanthanides. Un complexe inédit de tris(boratabenzène)lanthane a été isolé et caractérisé. Les composés diboratabenzènes de lanthanides, cependant, se sont révélés être difficiles à isoler. C’est pourquoi, nous avons synthétisé le 1-mesityl-4-iPr-boratabenzene comme ligand encombré stériquement. Ce dernier a révélé une réactivité riche avec l’eau et différentes bases. Nous avons aussi synthétisé une famille de diboraanthracènes dianioniques, dans le but de former des complexes « sandwich » et « triple-decker » de lanthanides. Une chimie intéressante a été observée pour ces ligands, alors que nous les avons coordonnés à plusieurs lanthanides. Un complexe « triple-decker » inverse de lanthane a été obtenu et étudié. Finalement, nous avons investigué la conception de ligands pour l’extraction sélective des lanthanides à partir de leurs minerais. Ce procédé coûteux et difficile nécessite une connaissance approfondie de la chimie de coordination des lanthanides. À cause de leur charge et de leur taille similaire, la séparation des différents lanthanides est un défi de taille. Pour cette raison, nous avons préparé des ligands polydentates qui agissent comme des donneurs « durs » d’électrons afin de lier les lanthanides. En variant l’angle de chélation, une certaine sélectivité peut être obtenue. De plus, en immobilisant ces ligands sur des supports solides, leur sélectivité et durabilité peut être améliorée pour donner une solution simple et « verte » au problème de l’extraction des lanthanides.Until the beginning of 21st century, lanthanides were considered to be the most difficult metals of the periodic table to work with. Due to the unpredictable coordination behavior of the lanthanide complexes, it was challenging for the chemists to know the exact nature of the complexes formed. However, the last decade has witnessed tremendous growth in the organometallic chemistry of these f-elements. Their unperturbed f-orbitals with large number of unpaired electrons have made them indispensable components in many modern day applications like catalysis, OLEDs, luminophores, MRI agents, magnetic materials, amongst others. The coordination of electron deficient compounds to lanthanides is considered to be challenging due to the electrophilicity of these elements. Nevertheless, the interesting magnetic and optical properties shown by lanthanides makes it of interest to investigate the effect various ligands containing Lewis acidic moieties in order to expand the scope of their properties. We decided to address this challenge by designing boron heterocyclic aromatic ligands for lanthanides that are able to satisfy both the electronic and steric requirements of these metals. Apart from achieving the coordination of these electron deficient boron compounds to lanthanides, we wanted to study their effect on the magnetic properties of the lanthanides. Initially, we synthesized a monoanionic boratabenzene ligand and studied its coordination to various lanthanide ions. A unique trisboratabenzene lanthanum complex was isolated and characterized. However, diboratabenzene lanthanide complexes were challenging to isolate and hence a sterically bulky 1-mesityl-4-iPr-boratabenzene ligand was synthesized for this purpose. This bulky ligand showed some interesting reactivity towards bases and water. We also synthesized several dianionic diboraanthracene ligands to isolate sandwich and triple-decker complexes of lanthanides. The interesting reactivity of these ligands to lanthanides was observed and the successful coordination of this electron deficient ligand to lanthanides was achieved. An inverse sandwich and triple-decker complexes of lanthanum were studied. We also investigated the design of ligands for the selective extraction of lanthanides from their ores. This is a challenging and expensive process where the knowledge of lanthanide coordination chemistry can highly profit. Due to their similar charge and size, it is difficult to separate individual lanthanides from their mixtures. We synthesized polydentate ethereal amides that act as hard donors and coordinate lanthanides. The selective extraction of smaller lanthanide ions was achieved by variation of bite angle of these ligands. The immobilization of the ligands on the solid support provided rigidity to the ligands and enhanced their selectivity and durability, thus providing an environmental friendly system for extraction

Evaluation of CD8+ T cell responses towards conserved HIV-1 epitopes in naturally infected and vaccinated individuals

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a global public health priority. An effective HIV-1 vaccine strategy must overcome the enormous genetic diversity generated by the virus while inducing potent, long lasting immune responses. In this thesis, virus-specific cellular immune responses directed towards HIV conserved regions were evaluated using a validated IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay and two sets of peptide panels based upon HIV-1 vaccine candidates. One panel was based on the 14 of the most highly conserved (HIVconsv – 806 amino acids) regions of the HIV-1 proteome and was designed to provide extensive coverage of subtypes A, B, C and D. The second panel represents Gag, Reverse Transcriptase (RT), Integrase (INT), Nef and Envelope sequences derived from a consensus subtype A reference (GRIN/Env). The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of T cell responses to HIV-1 epitopes elicited at different stages of HIV-1 infection and in vaccinees. Individuals infected with HIV-1 subtypes (A, B, C and D) from the UK, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia representing a wide range of genetic backgrounds were tested using a HIVconsv peptide matrix and GRIN pools. CD8 responses were identified across Gag, RT and INT and there was no apparent subtype specific bias in terms of recognition of both peptide panels (HIVconsv and GRIN/Env). GRIN appeared to be more antigenic because GRIN incorporated both conserved and variable epitopes compared to HIVconsv panel that only comprised conserved peptide sequences. Furthermore, there was no association between IFN-γ T cell responses and control of viraemia in early infection between viraemic controllers (VC) and viraemic progressors (VP). However, VC appeared to be slightly more polyfunctional than VP. Viral inhibition assay (VIA) employed to assess the vaccine specific responses demonstrated that conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome could result in an increased ability to inhibit a panel of HIV-1 isolates in vitro. Although detection of a CD8+ T cell response against a particular epitope does not necessarily translate to protection, the conserved nature of HIV-1 epitopes suggests that these domains are immunogenic and might be important for viral function. Thus, these data support the inclusion of conserved sequences in any future vaccine candidate.Open Acces

Use of domain-specific language in test automation

The primary aim of this research project was to investigate techniques to replace the complicated process of testing embedded systems in automotive domain. The multi-component domain was composed of different hardware to be used in testing procedure which increased the level of difficulty in testing for an operator. As a result, an existing semi-automated testing procedure was replaced by more simpler and efficient framework (ViBATA). A key step taken in this scenario was the replacement of manual GUI interface with the scriptable one to enhance the automation. This was achieved by building a Domain-specific language which allowed test definition in the form of human readable scripts which could be stored for later use. A DSL is a scripting language defined for a particular domain with compact expressiveness. In this case the domain is testing embedded systems in general and automotive systems in particular. The final product was a test case specification document in the form of XML as an output of generated code from this DSL which will be input to ViBATA to make test specification component automated. In this research a comparative analysis of existing DSLs for alternative domains and investigation of their applicability to the presented domain was also performed. The technologies used in this project are Xtext to define the DSL grammar, Xtend to generate code in Java and Simple framework to generate output in XML. The stages involved in DSL development and how these stages were implemented is covered in this thesis. The developed DSL for this domain is tested for automotive and calculator systems in this thesis which proved that this is more general and flexible. The DSL is consistent, efficient and automated test specification component of testing framework in embedded systems

Resistome Identification from Whole Genome Sequencing Data of Norwegian Isolates

Masters in Applied and Commercial Biotechnology. Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences. Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural sciences and BiotechnologyAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered a potential threat to global health. Norway have had a low prevalence of resistant bacteria. But in the recent years there has been an increase in resistant bacteria including, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Traditionally, clinical microbiology has used culture-based techniques to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance profiles, but now whole–genome sequencing for antibiotic susceptibility (WGS-AST) has emerged as a potential alternative. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmids in WGS of 111 clinical Norwegian isolates of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii, to identify correlations between phenotypic and genotypic resistance in the isolates, which are related to antibiotic resistance to β-lactam, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolone, trimethoprim, tetracycline, and phenicol. The most occurring drug class was β-lactam antibiotic with TEM (38%) in E.coli, SHV (67%) in K. pneumoniae, and OXA (100%) and TEM (45%) gene families in A. baumannii. In silico detection of plasmids with Brooks et al database showed plasmid p2_000837 as prominent plasmid 12% E.coli isolates. There were four plasmids (pIB_NDM_1, p2_W5-6, pCHL5009T-102k-mcr3, pVir_020022) in 2% K. pneumoniae isolates which were also shared with E. coli. Only one plasmid (pHZ23-1-1) was confirmed in 9% of A. baumannii isolates. PLSDB detected Plasmid A and plasmid 4 with the maximum percentage in E.coli (10%) and K. pneumoniae isolates (4%). In E. coli and K. pneumoniae, the presence of incompatibility groups was observed; IncFIB (64% and 27%), Col156 (74% and 27%), IncFII (43% and 15%), while IncHI-1B(pNDM-MAR) (12%) were present only in K. pneumoniae . A total of 75 isolates had resistance to the tested β-lactam antibiotics, out of which 63 had the corresponding resistance genes (ampC, SHV, CTX-M, TEM, LEN, OXA). Only 11 E.coli and one K. pneumoniae isolates were found to have resistance genes and the plasmids on the same node to confirm plasmid mediated resistance. This study demonstrates the utility of WGS in defining resistance elements and highlights the diversity of resistance within the selected isolates to further the diagnostics and therapeutics for the treatment of the relevant infections

Visual Outcome of Open Globe Injuries in Paediatric Patients

Background: To determine visual outcome of open globe injuries in children.Methods: In this descriptive study children, between 4-16 years (n=80), who had open globe injury and who presented within one week of injury, were included . All patients underwent surgical repair surgery. Corrected post-operative visual acuity at 4 weeks was recorded. Effect modifiers like age, gender, mechanism of injury and time delay in presentation was controlled by stratification. For post stratification chi square was applied. p-value of ≤ 0.05 accepted as statistically significant.Results: Visual improvement was observed in 70% (n=56) of patients as per operational definition, which was significantly higher in patients who presented before 24 hours (p<0.05). No other significant association was found. Conclusions: Open globe injuries require emergency surgery as a standard of care. Visual improvement was observed in 70% in this study which was significantly associated with earlier presentation (<24 hours

(Re)Reading Fawzia Afzal-Khan's Lahore with Love: Class and the Ethics of Memoir

This essay proposes a reading of Fawzia-Afzal-Khan's memoir, Lahore with Love, via the lens of theories of ethics in autobiography studies. It poses questions regarding the ethics of representing others in one's relational life-story, others who are both proximate and non-proximate, members of ones family or circle of friends as well as members of other classes. It attempts to complicate easy conclusions or judgements in the debate following the cancellation of the book contract by the publisher and argues for a more nuanced, theoretical approach and reading of the memoir as a text in a contemporary global context

Do Debt Boosts Economic Growth? A Study of the South Asian Countries

This article determines the long run and short term relationship between GDP growth rate and three selected variables of debt in South Asian economy for the period of last 20 years i-e from 1994-2014. We inspected this relationship using graphical trend analysis, unit root test (ADF) and correlogram test. We implemented multiple regression analysis technique to determine the causality between the variables. Our findings depicts that in short run and long run significant positive linear relationship exists between external debt and GDP growth rate for South Asian economy. Surprisingly, no impact of central government debt and household debt on GDP growth rate was found. Our findings prove that external debt is a blessing for South Asian countries. Keywords: GDP, External debt, Central Government Debt, Household Debt, Multiple Regression Mode