Els videojocs comercials com a eina d’aprenentatge del currículum d’ESO a Catalunya

Aquest treball planteja la idea d’utilitzar videojocs com a eina educativa a classe, però no jocs educatius, sinó videojocs Per fer-ho, s’ha dividit el treball en tres capítols. El primer capítol introdueix els conceptes que es treballaran, bé perquè s’utilitzen habitualment al llarg del treball, bé per aclarir el s introduïts aquests conceptes, s’enumeren i expliquen els beneficis que, en diverses fonts bibliogràfiques i d’Internet, es diuen que tenen els videojocs, emfatitzant especialment el desenvolupament de les intel entre els videojocs educatius i els comercials, i els possibles problemes que poden ocórrer o les precaucions que cal tenir quan s’utilitzen videojocs. El segon capítol està separat per àrees i matèries, forma general, un videojoc comercial amb el que es podrien explicar o fer entendre alguns continguts del currículum de Catalunya, la majoria trets de l’annex del Decret 143/2007, de 26 de juny, pel qual s’estableix l’ obligatòria, o bé d’altres que hi puguin encaixar El tercer capítol és agafar una de les propostes del segon capítol, desenvolupar màxim i aplicar-la en un entorn real de classe. En aquest c el que l’alumnat de 4t d’ESO de la matèria optativa d’Informàtica ha ampliat coneixements de programació, concepte que ja havia vist prèviament durant el curs. Al final d’aquest capítol hi ha el buit de les dades tretes de l’ participat, i les conclusions que se n’han extret comercials, fets amb el propòsit d’entretenir i no pas educar. seu significat pels no iniciats. Un cop ·ligències múltiples. També s’enumeren algunes diferències i per cada una d’elles es planteja, de l’ordenació dels ensenyaments de l’educació secundària encaixar-hi bé. cas s’ha agafat un videojoc amb l’enquesta facilitada a l’alumnat que hi ha extret. ! " eu ies ordenació desenvolupar-la al as enquest

Momentary mood response to natural outdoor environments in four European cities

Exposure to natural outdoor environments (NOE) has been shown in population-level studies to reduce anxiety and psychological distress. This study investigated how exposure to one’s everyday natural outdoor environments over one week influenced mood among residents of four European cities including Barcelona (Spain), Stoke-on-Trent (United Kingdom), Doetinchem (The Netherlands) and Kaunas (Lithuania). Participants (n = 368) wore a smartphone equipped with software applications to track location and mood (using mobile ecological momentary assessment (EMA) software), for seven consecutive days. We estimated random-effects ordered logistic regression models to examine the association between mood (positive and negative affect), and exposure to green space, represented by two binary variables indicating exposure versus no exposure to NOE using GPS tracking and satellite and aerial imagery, 10 and 30 min prior to participants’ completing the EMA. Models were adjusted for home city, day of the week, hour of the day, EMA survey type, residential NOE exposure, and sex, age, education level, mental health status and neighbourhood socioeconomic status. In addition, we tested for heterogeneity of effect by city, sex, age, residential NOE exposure and mental health status. Within 10 min of NOE exposure, compared to non-exposure, we found that overall there was a positive relationship with positive affect (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.81) of EMA surveys, and non-significant negative association with negative affect (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.10). When stratifying, associations were consistently found for Stoke-on-Trent inhabitants and men, while findings by age group were inconsistent. Weaker and less consistent associations were found for exposure 30 min prior to EMA. Our findings support increasing evidence of psychological and mental health benefits of exposure to natural outdoor environments, especially among urban populations such as those included in our study

Natural outdoor environments and mental health: Stress as a possible mechanism.

INTRODUCTION Better mental health has been associated with exposure to natural outdoor environments (NOE). However, comprehensive studies including several indicators of exposure and outcomes, potential effect modifiers and mediators are scarce. OBJECTIVES We used novel, objective measures to explore the relationships between exposure to NOE (i.e. residential availability and contact) and different indicators of mental health, and possible modifiers and mediators. METHODS A nested cross-sectional study was conducted in: Barcelona, Spain; Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom; Doetinchem, Netherlands; Kaunas, Lithuania. Participants' exposure to NOE (including both surrounding greenness and green and/or blue spaces) was measured in terms of (a) amount in their residential environment (using Geographical Information Systems) and (b) their contact with NOE (using smartphone data collected over seven days). Self-reported information was collected for mental health (psychological wellbeing, sleep quality, vitality, and somatisation), and potential effect modifiers (gender, age, education level, and city) and mediators (perceived stress and social contacts), with additional objective NOE physical activity (potential mediator) derived from smartphone accelerometers. RESULTS Analysis of data from 406 participants showed no statistically significant associations linking mental health and residential NOE exposure. However, NOE contact, especially surrounding greenness, was statistically significantly tied to better mental health. There were indications that these relationships were stronger for males, younger people, low-medium educated, and Doetinchem residents. Perceived stress was a mediator of most associations, and physical activity and social contacts were not. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that contact with NOE benefits mental health. Our results also suggest that having contact with NOE that can facilitate stress reduction could be particularly beneficial

Is a liveable city a healthy city? Health impacts of urban and transport planning in Vienna, Austria

Each year, The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) computes the Global Liveability Index and determines the most liveable cities around the world. Vienna, Austria, was ranked by the EIU as the most liveable city worldwide in 2018 and 2019. However, the relationship between a liveable as well as healthy and environmentally-just city has not been previously explored. To explore whether the most liveable city is also a healthy and environmentally-just one, we estimated the premature mortality burden related to non-compliance with international exposure level recommendations for physical activity (PA), air pollution (PM2.5 and NO2), road traffic noise, green space and heat for Vienna, as well as its distribution by socioeconomic status (SES). We applied the Urban and TranspOrt Planning Health Impact Assessment (UTOPHIA) methodology and estimated the annual mortality, life expectancy (LE) and economic impact of non-compliance with exposure guidelines for the Viennese adult population ≥ 20 years. We compared current with recommended exposure levels, quantified the association between exposures and mortality and calculated attributable health impact fractions. Eight percent of premature mortality (i.e. 1239 deaths, 95% CI: 679-1784) was estimated to be attributable to non-compliance with the recommended exposure levels. Seventy-six percent of the attributable premature mortality was due to PM2.5 exposure and insufficient PA. Non-compliance also resulted in an average of 199 days of LE lost for the adult population (95% CI: 111–280) and an economic impact of 4.6 (95% CI: 2.5-6.7) billion 2015€ annually. Overall, residents of lower SES neighbourhoods faced higher risk of premature mortality due to higher exposure to NO2, road traffic noise, heat and less green space. Despite high liveability standards according to EIU definition, a considerable premature mortality burden was attributable to non-compliance with exposure recommendations, and socioeconomic inequalities were estimated. Although the exposure attributable mortality burden was lower than in other European cities and local Viennese policies favour the reduction of motorized traffic, alongside the promotion of active and public transport and urban greening, there is room for further alignment of liveability, environmental health and justice objectives

The impact of urban environmental exposures on health: An assessment of the attributable mortality burden in Sao Paulo city, Brazil

Background Currently, more than half of the global population lives in cities. Contemporary urban planning practices result in environmental risk factors (e.g. air pollution, noise, lack of green space, excess heat) that put health and well-being of city dwellers at risk and contribute to chronic diseases and premature death. Despite a growing body of evidence on adverse health impacts related to current urban and transport planning practices, especially for cities in the Global North, not much is known about associated health impacts in South American cities. Therefore, we estimated the mortality burden attributable to breaching internationally-recommended or locally-preferable exposure levels of urban planning related environmental exposures in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Methods We carried out a health impact assessment study, following the comparative risk assessment framework, to assess preventable mortality impacts of breaching exposure recommendations for air pollution, green spaces and temperature at the census tract (CT) level (n = 18,363). We also assessed the distribution thereof by socioeconomic vulnerability. Results We estimated that annually 11,372 (95% CI: 7921; 15,910) attributable deaths could be prevented by complying with recommended exposure levels. The largest proportion of preventable mortality was due to breaching air pollution limits (i.e. 8409 attributable deaths), followed by insufficient green space (i.e. 2593), and excess heat (i.e. 370). Adverse health impacts were larger in CTs of lower socioeconomic vulnerability, due to demographic profile, traffic density and residential area configurations. Discussion Not complying with the health limits for air pollution, green space and temperature exposures resulted in a considerable preventable mortality burden (i.e. 17% of total expected deaths) in Sao Paulo. This burden can be reduced by improving current urban and transport planning practices

The impact of urban and transport planning on health : Assessment of the attributable mortality burden in Madrid and Barcelona and its distribution by socioeconomic status

Background The population living in urban areas is growing rapidly. The level of exposure to adverse environmental factors is detrimental to human health and is directly related to urban and transport planning practices. Objective To estimate the premature mortality burden of non-compliance with international exposure guidelines for air pollution, noise, access to green space and heat for Barcelona and Madrid (Spain), and its distribution among the population by the socioeconomic status (SES). Methods The Urban and TranspOrt planning Health Impact Assessment (UTOPHIA) tool was applied and the attributable premature mortality due to non-compliance with recommended exposure levels was estimated. The distribution of the attributable mortality burden among the population by SES was investigated through Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) adjusting for spatial autocorrelation and a cluster analysis was performed to identify attributable mortality hot spots. Results Annually, 7.1% and 3.4% of premature mortality in Barcelona and Madrid, respectively, could be attributed to non-compliance with the international exposure recommendations for air pollution, noise, heat and access to green space. In addition, analysis by SES showed that in Barcelona lower SES areas had an overall greater attributable mortality rate, while in Madrid, the distribution of the attributable mortality burden by SES varied by exposure. Conclusion This study shows the impact of environmental exposures on mortality and highlights the importance of taking integrated actions when designing cities considering the health impacts, but also the specificities of each city such as the socio-demographic context. Moreover, the high precision scale of the analysis enables the identification of environmental hazards and mortality hot spots providing a powerful tool to support priority-setting and guide policymakers towards a healthy, sustainable and just city for all of their residents

Maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and child's cognitive, language, and motor function: ECLIPSES study

Prenatal exposure to air pollution, even at low levels, has been associated with negative effects on a child's neuropsychological functioning. The present work aimed to investigate the associations between prenatal exposure to air pollution on a child's cognitive, language, and motor function at 40 days of age in a highly exposed area of Spain. From the ECLIPSES study population, the present work counted 473 mother-child pairs. Traffic-related air pollution levels at home addresses during the whole pregnancy were estimated including particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), <10 μm (PM10) and 2.5–10 μm (PMcoarse), PM2.5absorbance, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), other nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3) using land-use regression models developed within ESCAPE and ELAPSE projects. Children's cognitive, language, and motor functions were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development 3rd edition (BSID-III) at around 40 days of age. Linear regression models were adjusted for maternal biological, sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, area deprivation index, and amount of greenness around the home's address. All air pollutants assessed, except PM2.5 absorbance, were associated with lower motor function in children, while no association was observed between prenatal exposure to air pollution and cognitive and language functions. This finding highlights the need to continue raising awareness of the population-level impact that maternal exposure to air pollution even at low levels can have on the neuropsychological functions of children