Right to Free and Compulsory Education in Pakistan after 18th Constitutional Amendment

The Constitutions of India and Pakistan guarantee justiciable human rights and incorporate the Directive Principles of State Policy. Fundamental rights are justifiable through courts, while the principles of policy enjoy immunity from judicial interference. Right to education was constitutionally recognized as one of the principles of policy, not as a fundamental right in both countries. Although its status was earlier elevated from the directive principles of state policy to a fundamental right, owing to judicial activism, however, it was incorporated by a Constitutional Amendment in the Indian Constitution under Article 21-A. While in Pakistan, it was the 18th Amendment of the Constitution which elevated it to the status of a fundamental right. Resultantly, now it is subject to judicial review, under newly inserted Article 25-A. Now, the governments are obliged for its provision to all children, aging from five to sixteen years. Learning a lesson from the Indian recognition, Pakistan must cover its distance more swiftly and smartly, instead of wasting time in litigation or enactment of supportive legislation.&nbsp

Assessing the impact of HRM on dairy farm performance: an Australian study

This thesis explains the benefits of HRM policies and practices for Australian dairy farmers. A conceptual roadmap for rural industry policy-makers and farm owner-managers is presented in this thesis. It helps farmers to enhance dairy farm performance through HRM practices, which in turn would contribute to regional economic development

Role of Pakistan poverty alleviation fund's micro credit in poverty alleviation: a case of Pakistan

Poverty alleviation has been one of the major agenda of all civilized societies throughout the history. Different strategies have been adopted in Pakistan for the purpose, which include special programs and short-term measures targeted towards improving the earning capacity of masses and provision of social safety nets for the really poor. With a view to enhance the access of the low-income communities to socio-economic services, the Government of Pakistan has set up an independent and professionally managed unit, the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF). The Fund is working through a network of partner organizations having strong community outreach programs. PPAF continuously monitors and analyzes effectiveness of its programs. This paper attempts to quantify the impact of PPAF micro credit on poverty alleviation.. Data collected in Gallup (2005) has been utilized for the purpose. Counter-factual ‘Combined approach’ has been employed in the analysis. The Paper concludes that Micro credit has reduced poverty by 3.05 percentage points in the period under stud

Conditional variance forecasts for long-term stock returns

In this paper, we apply machine learning to forecast the conditional variance of long-term stock returns measured in excess of different benchmarks, considering the short- and long-term interest rate, the earnings-by-price ratio, and the inflation rate. In particular, we apply in a two-step procedure a fully nonparametric local-linear smoother and choose the set of covariates as well as the smoothing parameters via cross-validation. We find that volatility forecastability is much less important at longer horizons regardless of the chosen model and that the homoscedastic historical average of the squared return prediction errors gives an adequate approximation of the unobserved realised conditional variance for both the one-year and five-year horizon

The role of compensation in shaping employee’s behaviour: a mediation study through job satisfaction during the Covid-19 pandemic

Objectives- This research aimed to study the impact of compensation on employee retention and turnover intentions among healthcare employees. The study also tested the mediation role of job satisfaction in the relationship. Methods- In the present study, self-administrated questionnaires were distributed among 600 doctors working in public hospitals of Pakistan, following stratified sampling. The data analysis was conducted through SPSS and smart-PLS. Findings- Results of the present study supported all the hypothesis (H1-H7), such as the significant relationship of compensation with employee retention and turnover intentions. Results further confirmed the mediation effect of job satisfaction between compensation and employee retention as well as compensation and turnover intentions. Practical implications- This study is useful for policymakers and organizational managers since the study provides guidelines on employee retention and high turnover intentions and how these factors are influenced by improved compensation. Originality/value- This study sheds light on the relationship of compensation together with employee retention and turnover intentions through the mediating role of job satisfaction in healthcare context, which was overlooked in the existing literature

Right to Life as Basic Structure of Indian Constitution

Right to life in the British India was not guaranteed as a constitutional right. However, its demand was tremendous. After Independence, it was incorporated in the Constitution under Article 21. However, it was not an absolute fundamental right, but could be taken away by an ordinary legislation. In early judicial challenges, it could not be recognized as a part of basic structure. Life, under right to life, was literally interpreted as a vegetative or an animal life. However, Maneka Gandhi case was a big bang in its evolutionary history, wherein the Supreme Court of India distinguished human life with an animal life, and held that it included all amenities necessary for human dignity. After recognition of the basic structure of the Constitution, it was also accepted as a part of the basic structure, which could not be taken away even by a constitutional amendment.&nbsp

National Security: An Exception of Freedom of Speech

The real autonomy would not be possible if people were not capable to express their thoughts, compose their opinions, or linked with those who might discuss their feelings and thoughts. It is also an essential right in a free society to be liberally allowed to participate in the welfare of society. The equilibrium should be maintained by imposing realistic restrictions which may be levied under the law when the right to Freedom of Speech comes in clash with rights of other individuals which can help the democratic state to preserve the basic right of Freedom of Speech at an admissible level. The basic purpose of this article is to explore the scope and extent of “protection of national security” an exception of Freedom of Speech in the light of national and international instruments

Impact of workplace safety on employee retention using sequential mediation: evidence from the health-care sector

Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of workplace safety (WPS) on employee retention (ER) in the health-care sector in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K), Pakistan. At the same time, a mediation relationship through job satisfaction (JS) and employee loyalty (EL) was also tested. Design/methodology/approach Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data from 300 doctors, using purposive sampling technique analysed using partial least squares (Smart-PLS 3). Findings This study’s findings supported all hypotheses, such as WPS has a significant positive relationship with ER. In addition, a mediation relationship between JS and EL was also confirmed. Furthermore, a serial mediation effect of JS and EL between WPS and ER was also confirmed in this study. Research limitations/implications This study might not fit organisations from other regions due to regional norms. In the future, this study’s model may be tested on other regions and segments of the health-care sector, such as nurses, management staff and support staff. Practical implications The present study is unique because it is based on a newly formulated framework, WPS → JS → EL → ER, under the social exchange theory, which has not been tested before. Social implications In a safe environment, doctors will feel relaxed, stay longer and provide better services; resultantly, patients will get better treatment. Originality/value This study tested the sequential mediation effect through JS and EL for the first time in ER, which was missing previously, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. This will add more insights to the safety-retention literature in health-care settings. Furthermore, this study is also the first attempt to explore the relationship between WPS and ER in the health-care sector in AJ&K

Bilateral Implantation of Scleral-Fixated Cionni Endocapsular Rings and Toric Intraocular Lenses in a Pediatric Patient with Marfan's Syndrome

The management of ectopia lentis in Marfan's syndrome is challenging. Multiple disease-associated factors conspire to deprive these patients of adequate vision. While optical correction with glasses and contact lenses is usually advocated early on, the irregular astigmatism and even partial aphakia that accompanies advanced cases generally warrant surgical intervention. Several surgical strategies have been devised to manage these challenging cases, including the combination of endocapsular or pars plana lensectomy and iris or scleral fixation of the intraocular lens (IOL) or IOL-bag complex. All of the reported cases have been implanted with IOLs that correct for myopia only. With toric lenses, it is now possible to correct for corneal astigmatism in these patients as well, provided that the capsular bag is maintained and can be properly centered. We report the combination of scleral-fixated Cionni endocapsular rings and toric IOLs in a pediatric patient with bilateral ectopia lentis secondary to Marfan's syndrome

Basic Structure of Constitution: Impact of Kesavananda Bharati on Constitutional Status of Fundamental Rights

Kesavananda Bharati was a mile stone in the constitutional history of India after Golak Nath. In Golak Nath, the Indian parliament was incapacitated to amend any fundamental right, guaranteed in the Constitution, while in Kesavananda case, the amendment power of Parliament was recognized, but was limited to the extent that it would not take away the basic structure of the Constitution. However, what was basic structure could be agreed upon. Gradually, in the following cases, fundamental rights were recognized as a part of basic structure therefore, unamendable by Parliament, even with hundred percent majorities of its both Houses. Later case-law, categorically established that Article 21, along with other fundamental rights, was also a part of the basic structure. Now, it is well-recognized principle that any constitutional amendment can be tested on the yardstick of Article 21.&nbsp