Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease in Cote D'Ivoire: An analytic study conducted in the department of internal medicine

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a public health problem because of its increasing prevalence. The objective of this study was to describe the current profile of CKD in our working conditions. This is a descriptive retrospective study of patients admitted for CKD during the period from January 2010 to December 2014 in the Internal Medicine Department of the university hospital of Treichville in Abidjan. CKD was defined by a glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/min lasting for at least three months. We collected 252 cases of CKD out of 3573 patients recorded during the study period, yielding a prevalence of 7%. The mean age was 39.6 ± 14 years (15–83 years). We observed a male predominance (sex ratio 1.2:1). Of the CKD patients studied, 67.1% were hypertensive, 7.9% were diabetic, and 8.7% were positive for human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus. The CKD was Stage 3 in 2.4%, Stage 4 in 3.2%, and Stage 5 in 94.4% of the patients. The etiology of CKD was hypertension in 59.9% of cases, followed by chronic glomerulonephritis (25%), HIV infection (9.1%), and diabetes (4.8%). On bivariate analysis, hypertension was the cause of CKD in 48.8% of patients under 35 years, 66.4% in patients between 35 and 64 years, and 85.4% in patients ≥65 years (P = 0.001). Chronic glomerulonephritis was the cause of CKD in 40.2% of patients under 35 years, in 14.3% between 35 and 64 years, and in 4.8% of patients ≥65 years (P = 0.0001). CKD is a common cause of hospitalization in our department. Patients generally consulted at the late stage of the disease. Risk factors are mainly hypertension, HIV infection, and diabetes

Characterization of anamnestic T-cell responses induced by conventional vaccines against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

International audienceA better understanding of how T1 vaccination confers immunity would facilitate the rational design of improved vaccines against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). We show here that mycoplasmas-induced recall proliferation and IFN-gamma responses are detected in cattle that received multiple shots of T1 vaccines. These anamnestic responses were under the strict control of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Moreover, CD62L expression indicated that both CD4(+) effector memory (Tem) and central memory (Tcm) T lymphocytes are elicited in these animals. Comparative analysis with data from cattle that completely recovered from CBPP infection revealed similar anamnestic T-cell responses albeit at a lower magnitude for T1-vaccinated animals, particularly in the Tcm compartment. In conclusion, we discuss how our current understanding of T-cell responses will contribute to ongoing efforts for the improvement of future CBPP vaccines

Both CD62L⁺CD4⁺ and CD62L⁻CD4⁺ T cells proliferate in response to <i>Mmm</i>SC stimulation <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Results of a typical four-color flow cytometric analysis are shown for one vaccinated animal. Cells were loaded with CFSE and incubated for 9 days with inactivated <i>Mmm</i>SC before cell surface staining and analysis by flow cytometry as follows: (a) a first gate (P1) was used to exclude dead cells (7AAD+) and cell debris (FSC<50); (b) a second gate (P2) was set, among P1 gated cells, to delineate viable and proliferating CD4⁺ T cells (CFSElow or CFSE<1×10³); and (c), histograms were opened on gate P2 to obtain the percentage of CD62L⁺ cells among proliferating CD4⁺ T cells (i.e., P3).</p