Lev Kamenev at Nestor Makhno’s (Huliaipole, May 1919): The Four Stages of a Narrative

The article was submitted on 20.03.2017.This article is devoted to a meeting between the anarchist leader Makhno and the Bolshevik leaders Lev Kamenev and Kliment Voroshilov in early May 1919. This meeting took place in Ukraine, in Huliaipole, the headquarters of Makhno, as the civil war was raging. A detailed narration of Kamenev’s expedition was published in the Soviet journal Proletarskaya revolyutsiya in 1925. Written by a member of the Soviet delegation, it is the only remaining testimony of the expedition and the meeting. It is this text, written by a member of the Soviet delegation, that Russian historians use when referring to the Bolshevik expedition in Ukraine and the meeting between Kamenev and Makhno. Until now, historians did not know the identity of its author. But this article brings to light the identity of the “anonymous chronicler” of the expedition, who happens to be Vladimir Sokolin, a Russian who grew up in Geneva and joined the Tsarist army before converting to Bolshevism and becoming Kamenev’s secretary in November 1918. His archives are kept in Geneva and Moscow. Sokolin is the author of four texts about the expedition in which he participated. The texts were written at different times and in different political contexts: between 1919 and 1966 in the USSR and Switzerland. After recounting the story of the texts, this article analyses their differences. Even though they seem minor at first sight, the differences allow us to think about the way past events are transmitted by a witness, as well as the use that historians can make of such accounts.Исследование посвящено состоявшейся в начале мая 1919 г. встрече между главарем анархистов Нестором Махно и большевистскими вождями Львом Каменевым и Климентом Ворошиловым. Дело происходило на Украине, в Гуляйполе – ставке Махно, в самый разгар Гражданской войны. Встреча была описана чрезвычайно подробно в очерке, опубликованном в 1925 г. в журнале «Пролетарская революция». Этот рассказ одного из членов советской делегации – единственное сохранившееся свидетельство о поездке Каменева к Махно и общении главаря анархистов с большевистскими руководителями. На этот текст, подписанный инициалами, ссылаются все российские историки, анализирующие данный эпизод, однако никто из них не называет имени автора. В статье раскрывается личность «анонимного летописца» поездки большевиков к Махно. Это Владимир Соколин, русский, который вырос в Женеве, воевал в царской армии, примкнул к большевикам и в ноябре 1918 г. стал личным секретарем Каменева. Архив Соколина хранится в Женеве и в Москве. Соколин описал поездку, в которой он участвовал вместе с Каменевым, в четырех текстах. Все они созданы в разные эпохи (первый – в 1919, последний – в 1966 г.), в разных местах (в СССР и Швейцарии) и в разных политических обстоятельствах. Автор излагает историю создания этих четырех версий, а затем анализирует их различия. На первый взгляд они кажутся незначительными, но позволяют сделать выводы как об особенностях воспроизведения прошлого очевидцами событий, так и о способах использования подобных свидетельств историками

Migration and the Environment: The Case of Philippine Uplands

Modeling the relationship between population growth and migration, this paper shows that destinations with higher average household incomes attract many immigrants. While it is not different from previous studies, this paper utilizes more environmentally based measures of economic opportunity at the destination.natural resources and environment, forestry sector, environmental issues, migration

Migration and the Environment: The Case of Philippine Uplands

Modeling the relationship between population growth and migration, this paper shows that destinations with higher average household incomes attract many immigrants. While it is not different from previous studies, this paper utilizes more environmentally based measures of economic opportunity at the destination.natural resources and environment, forestry sector, environmental issues, migration

PRODUCTIVITY AND LAND ENHANCING TECHNOLOGIES IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA: HEALTH, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, AND SEQUENTIAL ADOPTION

The adoption of more efficient farming practices and technologies that enhance agricultural productivity and improve environmental sustainability is instrumental for achieving economic growth, food security and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. Our research examines the interaction between public investments, community health, and adoption of productivity and land enhancing technologies by households in the northern Ethiopian state of Tigray. Agricultural technology adoption decisions are modeled as a sequential process where the timing of choices can matter. We find that time spent sick and opportunity costs of caring for sick family members are significant factors in adoption. Sickness, through its impact on household income and labor allocation decisions for healthcare and other activities, significantly reduces the likelihood of technology adoption. Our findings suggest that agencies working to improve agricultural productivity and land resource conservation should consider not only the financial status of potential adopters, but also their related health situation.Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

The Autonomy of the Artist : The Road to Artistic Independence

In the Renaissance, art was a highly regulated profession anchored within the framework of the guilds. It was integrated into the labor and business aspect of craftmaking, and the artist was not viewed as an independent originator separate from society, but a contractor/craftsman. Nevertheless, there were individual craftsmen whose work stood out above the common masses of master craftsmen. Generally, these new, rather autonomous painters, received some guidance in the planning of their iconographical program with many of their commissions utilizing the assistance of their workshop. This marks the beginning of the conceptual autonomy of the artist, but does not require much of his own manual involvement beyond creating the disegno - he still enjoyed the assistance of journeymen and apprentices in his studio. At what point did it become important to the painter to feel the necessity to assume full control of the manual aspect of his work without assistance of the studio? And to what extent was this influenced by external factors? It seems that eventual societal and economic change, change in patronage, criticism, as well as theory, contributed to the shift in the perception that the painter should be fully responsible for his work. The need for artists to be seen as intellectuals prompted the rise of the academies in France and England. While in the workshops artists copied designs and styles of one master, the academies allowed artists to study many different styles from classical canons. Over time, the economic and political conditions of the time created a new class of patrons who began to purchase art with themes they could understand. This in conjunction with the criticism that artists’ creativity was being stifled by the strict hierarchy of rules and themes dictated by the academies, enabled artists to become more independent. In addition, the writings of the Enlightenment promoting the idea of original genius and imagination coupled with the Romantic notion of artists being emotional beings from which ideas flow spontaneously led to a dissociation from classical history painting. While there is little evidence to prove that artists neglected the entire studio process, the shift of the public view of the artist as one being inspired independently does allow us to believe that artists did begin to work with less aid if any from assistants. The rapidly changing social strata of the Industrial Revolution, the radical ideas of the French Revolution, and the new views of the Romantic writers all collided at the same time in history. They brought with them a crisis in the art world by highlighting how it should be organized, how artists should be trained, and how ultimately they functioned and worked in a rapidly modernizing society. The artist becomes more of an independent entity, relying less on the production assistance of studio hands and classical themes and compositions, and ultimately utilizes imagination and creativity in the making of art

Forest Rotations and Stand Interdependency: Ownership Structure and Timing of Decisions

This paper extends the Hartman model to study the optimal rotation age of two interdependent stands when the stream of amenities produces from the two stands may be complements or substitutes, both in space and over time. In the presence of stand interdependence both the ownership structure and the sequence of decision making matters. Rotation age choices are examined and compared under a variety of equilibria, including Nash, Stackelberg, and sole owner cases which differ as to the level of commitment by landowners to their choices. We show that the sole owner’s rotation age is longer than the rotation age solved under both Nash and Stackelberg assumptions if the stands are spatial complements, but shorter if they are substitutes. The precise relationship between the Nash and Stackelberg rotation ages, and the qualitative properties of rotation ages in terms of timber prices, regeneration costs, and interest rates, also depend on how spatial substitutability and complementarity between stands evolves through time.forest rotation, amenity services, stand interdependence

Alien Registration- Amacher, Octavia (Hodgdon, Aroostook County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/35871/thumbnail.jp