Uporaba glagolskog vida u imperativu i preskriptivnom infinitivu u kuhinjskim receptima u bosanskom, hrvatskom, srpskom i ruskom jeziku: komparativni pristup

In this article, I present the results of a comparative study of the use of aspect in Bosnian (Bn), Croatian (Hr), Serbian (Sr) and Russian (Ru) imperatives and prescriptive infinitives—infinitives used with imperative function—as these verb forms are used in recipes. Based on an initial survey I narrow down my object of study to a limited set of verb phrases, including equivalents of the transitive ‘to bake’ and ‘to fry’, ‘to boil’, ‘to knead a dough’, ‘to cut’ and ‘to chop’, ‘to sprinkle’ and ‘to strew’, and ‘to fill’ and ‘to stuff’. The common denominator of (most of) these verb phrases is that they involve an incremental theme in the form of a direct object, of which the referent gets its qualities changed during a process. Typically, the situation type in question is an accomplishment, in the sense of Vendler (1957). Based on analyses of this corpus, from which I provide more than 40 examples, I draw the following conclusions. First, the use of aspect in the imperative and the prescriptive infinitive, as these verb forms are used in recipes, is approximately identical in all four languages. Second, the use of what I refer to as the fake IPF – the use of IPF to refer to a single, complete event – is more widespread in Bn, Hr and Sr than in Russian. The latter is contrary to the results of Benacchio (2010), von Waldenfels (2012) and Alvestad (2013) and suggests that the aspect use in the imperative and the prescriptive infinitive in literature such as recipes deserves further investigation.U radu se predstavljaju rezultati komparativne studije uporabe glagolskoga vida u bosanskim(Bn), hrvatskim (Hr), srpskim (Sr) i ruskim (Ru) imperativima i preskriptivnim imperativima (infinitivima koji se koriste u funkciji infinitiva) kako ih se koristi u kuhinjskim receptima. Na temelju inicijalne pretrage, sužavamo predmet istraživanja na ograničeni skup glagolskih fraza koje uključuju ekvivalente prijelaznih uporaba glagola (‘peći’ i ‘pržiti’; ‘kuhati’, ‘mijesiti tijesto’, ‘rezati’, ‘sjeckati’, ‘posipati’, ‘puniti’). Zajednički nazivnik (većine) ovih glagolskih fraza je da uključuju rasteću semantičku ulogu teme u obliku direktnog objekta,odlike čijeg referenta doživljavaju promjenu tijekom toga procesa. Obično se radi o postignuću kao tipu situacije po Vendleru (1957). Na temelju analiza korpusa, iz kojih se nudi više od 40 primjera, izvlačimo sljedeće zaključke. Prvo, uporaba glagolskoga vida u imperative i preskriptivnom imperative na način na koji senm koriste u receptima je otprilike jednaka u svim četirima jezicima. Drugo, uporaba onoga što nazivamo lažnim nesvršenim vidom, odnosno njegova uloga da bi se označilo jedan, potpuni događaj raširenija je u bosanskome, hrvatskome i i srpskome nego u ruskome. Potonje se razlikuje od rezultata u Benacchio (2010), von Waldenfels (2012) i Alvestad (2013) i upućuje na to da uporaba glagolskoga vida u imperativu i presktiptivnome infinitive u tipu teksta kao što su recepti zahtijeva daljnje analize

Folic Acid and Risk of Preterm Birth, Preeclampsia, and Fetal Growth Restriction Among Women With Epilepsy A Prospective Cohort Study

Background and Objectives Women with epilepsy treated with antiseizure medication (ASM) have increased risk of pregnancy complications including preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia. We aimed to investigate whether folic acid supplementation is associated with these pregnancy complications in women with epilepsy using ASM. Methods Singleton pregnancies in the prospective Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) (1999–2008) were included. Information on maternal epilepsy, ASM, folic acid supplementation, and pregnancy outcomes was obtained from the MoBa questionnaires and the Norwegian Medical Birth Registry. The main exposure, periconceptional folic acid supplementation, was defined as intake between 4 weeks before pregnancy and 12 weeks into pregnancy, retrospectively collected by recall of the mothers in weeks 17–19. The primary outcomes were preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks at birth), small for gestational age (SGA), and preeclampsia. Results The study included 100,105 pregnancies: 99,431 without maternal epilepsy, 316 with maternal epilepsy and ASM exposure in pregnancy, and 358 with untreated maternal epilepsy. Among ASM-treated women with epilepsy, the risk of preterm birth was higher in those who did not use periconceptional folic acid (n = 64) compared with those who did (n = 245, the reference) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.3, 95% CI 1.2–9.2), while the risk of preterm birth among the reference was similar to the risk among women without epilepsy using folic acid periconceptionally (aOR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5–1.6). ASM-treated women with epilepsy starting folic acid after the first trimester had a higher risk compared with women without epilepsy with similar timing of folic acid (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–6.5), and even higher if not using folic acid (aOR 9.4, 95% CI 2.6–34.8). Folic acid was not associated with risk of preterm birth among women with epilepsy without ASM or among women without epilepsy. Folic acid was not associated with risk of preeclampsia or SGA among women with epilepsy. Discussion In women with epilepsy using ASM, periconceptional folic acid was associated with a lower risk of preterm birth. This finding supports the recommendation that ASM-treated women with epilepsy of childbearing potential should use folic acid supplementation on a regular basis. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class III evidence that for women with epilepsy using ASM, periconceptional folic acid supplementation decreases the risk of preterm birth.publishedVersio

Cancer risk in children of mothers with epilepsy and high-dose folic acid use during pregnancy

Importance Women with epilepsy are recommended high doses of folic acid before and during pregnancy owing to risk of congenital anomalies associated with antiseizure medications. Whether prenatal exposure to high-dose folic acid is associated with increases in the risk of childhood cancer is unknown. Objective To assess whether high-dose folic acid supplementation in mothers with epilepsy is associated with childhood cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational cohort study conducted with nationwide registers in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from 1997 to 2017. Analyses were performed during January 10, 2022, to January 31, 2022. Mother-child pairs were identified in medical birth registers and linked with information from patient, prescription, and cancer registers, as well as with sociodemographic information from statistical agencies, and were categorized by maternal diagnosis of epilepsy. The study population consisted of 3 379 171 children after exclusion of 126 711 children because of stillbirth or missing or erroneous values on important covariates. Exposures Maternal prescription fills for high-dose folic acid tablets (≥1 mg daily) between 90 days before pregnancy start and birth. Main Outcomes and Measures First onset of childhood cancer at younger than 20 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios with corresponding 95% CIs, adjusted for potential confounders. Cumulative incidence at aged 20 years was used as a measure of absolute risk. Results The median age at the end of follow-up in the study population of 3 379 171 children was 7.3 years (IQR, 3.5-10.9 years). Among the 27 784 children (51.4% male) born to mothers with epilepsy, 5934 (21.4%) were exposed to high-dose folic acid (mean dose, 4.3 mg), with 18 exposed cancer cases compared with 29 unexposed, producing an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2-6.3), absolute risk if exposed of 1.4% (95% CI, 0.5%-3.6%), and absolute risk if unexposed of 0.6% (95% CI, 0.3%-1.1%). In children of mothers without epilepsy, 46 646 (1.4%) were exposed to high-dose folic acid (mean dose, 2.9 mg), with 69 exposed and 4927 unexposed cancer cases and an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.1 (95% CI, 0.9-1.4; absolute risk, 0.4% [95% CI, 0.3%-0.5%]). There was no association between children born to mothers with epilepsy who were prenatally exposed to antiseizure medications, but not high-dose folic acid, and an increased risk of cancer (absolute risk, 0.6%; 95% CI, 0.2%-1.3%). Conclusions and Relevance Prenatal exposure to high-dose folic acid was associated with increased risk of cancer in children of mothers with epilepsy.publishedVersio

Association of Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication With Risk of Autism and Intellectual Disability

Importance: Women with epilepsy frequently need antiseizure medication (ASM) to prevent seizures in pregnancy. Risk of neurodevelopmental disorders after prenatal exposure to AMSs is uncertain. Objective: To determine whether children exposed prenatally to ASMs in monotherapy and duotherapy have increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Nordic register-based study of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy (SCAN-AED) is a population-based cohort study using health register and social register data from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden (1996-2017; analysis performed February 2022). From 4 702 774 alive-born children with available mother-child identities and maternal prescription data, this study included 4 494 926 participants. Children from a multiple pregnancy or with chromosomal disorders or uncertain pregnancy length were excluded (n = 207 848). Exposures: Prenatal exposure to ASM determined from maternal prescription fills between last menstrual period and birth. Main Outcomes and Measures: We estimated cumulative incidence at age 8 years in exposed and unexposed children. Cox regression adjusted for potential confounders yielded adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% CIs for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), or any neurodevelopmental disorder (ASD and/or ID). Results: A total of 4 494 926 children were included; 2 306 993 (51.3%) were male, and the median (IQR) age at end of follow-up was 8 (4.0-12.1) years. Among 21 634 unexposed children of mothers with epilepsy, 1.5% had a diagnosis of ASD and 0.8% (numerators were not available because of personal data regulations in Denmark) of ID by age 8 years. In same-aged children of mothers with epilepsy exposed to topiramate and valproate monotherapy, 4.3% and 2.7%, respectively, had ASD, and 3.1% and 2.4% had ID. The aHRs for ASD and ID after topiramate exposure were 2.8 (95% CI, 1.4-5.7) and 3.5 (95% CI, 1.4-8.6), respectively, and after valproate exposure were 2.4 (95% CI, 1.7-3.3) and 2.5 (95% CI, 1.7-3.7). The aHRs were elevated with higher ASM doses compared with children from the general population. The duotherapies levetiracetam with carbamazepine and lamotrigine with topiramate were associated with increased risks of neurodevelopmental disorders in children of women with epilepsy: levetiracetam with carbamazepine: 8-year cumulative incidence, 5.7%; aHR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5-8.2; lamotrigine with topiramate: 8-year cumulative incidence, 7.5%; aHR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-4.9. No increased risk was associated with levetiracetam with lamotrigine (8-year cumulative incidence, 1.6%; aHR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.3-2.5). No consistently increased risks were observed for neurodevelopmental disorders after prenatal exposure to monotherapy with lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepin, oxcarbazepine, gapapentin, pregabalin, clonazepam, or phenobarbital. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, prenatal exposure to topiramate, valproate, and several duotherapies were associated with increased risks of neurodevelopmental disorders.publishedVersio

Comparative Safety of Antiseizure Medication Monotherapy for Major Malformations

Funding Information: The study was partly supported by the NordForsk Nordic Program on Health and Welfare (Nordic Pregnancy Drug Safety Studies, project No. 83539 and SCAN‐AED, project No. 83796), by the Research Council of Norway (International Pregnancy Drug Safety Studies, project No. 273366), and by the Research Council of Norway through its Centers of Excellence funding scheme (project No. 262700). H.Z. was supported by a UNSW Scientia Program Award during the conduct of the study. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors. Annals of Neurology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Neurological Association.Objective: This study was undertaken to examine the comparative safety of antiseizure medication (ASM) monotherapy in pregnancy with respect to risk of major congenital malformations (MCMs), overall and by MCM subtype. Methods: We conducted a population-based cohort study using national health register data from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden (1996–2020). We compared pregnancies with first trimester exposure to lamotrigine monotherapy to ASM-unexposed, carbamazepine, valproate, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, and topiramate to lamotrigine monotherapy, and stratified monotherapy groups by dose. The outcome was nongenetic MCM and specific subtypes. We estimated adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with log-binomial regression and propensity score weights. Results: There was a higher crude risk of any MCM in pregnancies exposed to lamotrigine monotherapy (n = 8,339) compared to ASM-unexposed pregnancies (n = 4,866,362), but not after confounder adjustment (aRR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.87–1.08). Compared to lamotrigine, there was an increased risk of malformations associated with valproate (n = 2,031, aRR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.70–2.46) and topiramate (n = 509, aRR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.26–2.60), which increased in a dose-dependent manner. We found no differences in malformation risk for carbamazepine (n = 2,674, aRR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.72–1.15), oxcarbazepine (n = 1,313, aRR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.83–1.44), or levetiracetam (n = 1,040, aRR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.53–1.13). Valproate was associated with several malformation subtypes, including nervous system, cardiac, oral clefts, clubfoot, and hypospadias, whereas lamotrigine and carbamazepine were not. Interpretation: Topiramate is associated with an increased risk of MCM similar to that associated with valproate, but lower doses may mitigate the risks for both drugs. Conversely, we found no increased risks for lamotrigine, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, or levetiracetam, which is reassuring. ANN NEUROL 2022.Peer reviewe

Fake imperfective imperatives in Slavic

This paper is based on a comparative corpus study of aspect use in Slavic imperatives. Two important findings in this study are, first, that there is a cross-Slavic variation in aspect use, and second, that IPF is strikingly widespread. I argue that both findings are connected to the phenomenon of aspectual competition and the fact that the Slavic languages resolve cases of aspectual competition in different ways

Aspect use in Slavic infinitives and corresponding da-constructions

In Dickey (2000), the most comprehensive comparative account of aspect use in Slavic to date, ten Slavic languages are considered based on seven parameters of use, but two important verb forms are not accounted for: the imperative and the infinitive. The imperative was dealt with in Benacchio (2010), von Waldenfels (2012), and Alvestad (2013). Now it is time the infinitive receives its fair share of attention too. Thus, in a larger project I compare how aspect is used in the infinitive in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Upper Sorbian, Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian and Slovene and in the corresponding da-constructions in Bulgarian and Macedonian (and Serbian, Croatian and Slovene) based on a study of several parallel-annotated novels in the ParaSol corpus. Against the background of existing literature, one hypothesis could be that (i) in the infinitive, the freedom of choice is significant as far as aspect use is concerned (see, e.g. Galton (1976)), and (ii) the East-West divide in aspect use can be observed in the infinitive too. My initial findings, however, which are from Russian and Croatian and presented in this paper, suggest that (i) must be rejected and (ii) must be modified; in East Slavic, the perfective aspect is far more widespread in the infinitive than in the other verb forms. From this starting point I outline, towards the end of the article, how we can proceed to be able to account for the findings within a formal theoretical framework. The picture of how aspect is used in the Slavic languages is not complete until infinitives, and the corresponding da-constructions, are accounted for

Det kulinariske imperativ : en komparativ semantisk analyse av verbalaspekt i bosnisk, kroatisk og serbisk og russisk imperativ og deontisk-modal infinitiv i oppskrifter

Bakgrunnen for denne studien er for det første en fascinasjon for en kategori som er grammatikalisert i slaviske språk, men som må uttrykkes ved hjelp av leksikalske midler i norsk. For hvert norsk verb finnes som hovedregel to i slaviske språk, som betegner ulike deler av mer eller mindre den samme handlingen. Sannsynligvis er russisk det slaviske språket det er skrevet mest aspektlitteratur om. Lite er skrevet om bosnisk, kroatisk og serbisk. Det meste av den slaviske aspektlitteraturen er viet indikativ. Det som er skrevet om imperativ, er stort sett hentet fra dialogsituasjoner. Det meste som er skrevet om infinitiv, er knyttet til tilfeller der verbalformen står som utfylling til andre setningsledd. Jeg hadde lyst til å finne ut mer om hvordan verbalaspekt fungerer i modale kontekster. Derfor tok jeg utgangspunkt i oppskrifter, der instrukser gis i infinitiv og imperativ. Jeg laget et korpus på om lag 230 A4-sider. Deretter sorterte jeg ut noen situasjonstyper som jeg ville undersøke nærmere. På denne bakgrunnen laget jeg en oversikt over hvilke betingelser imperfektivt og perfektivt aspekt velges på i imperativ og deontisk-modal infinitiv, i de to språkene

Evaluative Language in Academic Discourse: Euphemisms vs. Dysphemisms in Adrews' & Kalpakli's "The Age of Beloveds" (2005) as a case in point

In this article, I am concerned with certain aspects of the language use in ANDREWS and KALPAKLI’s The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society (2005). More specifically, I show how the authors tend to use distinct sets of words to describe a particular kind of practice depending on whether it occurs in the Ottoman Empire or in some western European city, even though they claim that the practices are equivalent. Typically, the practice in question involves an adult male, a young dependent boy, a sexual act between the two, and some kind of payment for the boy. This kind of practice is more often than not referred to in terms of activities of love when it occurs in the Ottoman Empire, but in terms of sexual debauchery involving boy prostitutes when it takes place in some western European city. Thus, in the article, in which I draw on certain insights from Critical Discourse Analysis (see, e.g., REISIGL and WODAK 2001), I show, by means of several quotations, that the vocabulary used to describe the practices is quite frequently euphemistic when the Ottoman Empire is concerned and correspondingly dysphemistic when cities in Western Europe are concerned. The subtitle of the work represents an exception to this pattern.I conclude the article by pointing out two issues that might shed some light on the authors’ choice of words.Keywords: evaluative language in academic discourse, euphemism, dysphemism, Ottoman lyric poetry, Ottoman Turkish language, early-modern cultural studie