Efecto de la hormona de crecimiento (hc) y el entrenamiento de fuerza en las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral

The indiscriminate use of anabolic steroids in gyms has been growing in a generalized way, among which, the most common is growth hormone (GH). In the short term GH may potentiate muscle growth, especially when taken in combination with resistance training. However, the effects of this hormone are not yet fully understood in the literature, especially in relation to collagen properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of growth hormone (GH) and resistance training (RT) on the collagen properties of femoral bone tissue using Raman Spectroscopy. In this study 40 male rats were randomly distributed into four groups (n=10): control (C), control and GH application (GH), resistance training (T), and resistance training and GH application (GHT). The training consisted of four series of 10 water jumps, performed three times a week, with an overload corresponding to 50 % of body weight and duration of four weeks. GH was applied at a dosage of 0.2 IU/Kg (0.067 mg/kg) to each animal, three times a week, every other day. The animals were euthanized and the right femurs were collected for analysis of bone structure. Raman spectroscopy (RS) was used to observe the following compounds from their respective bands: type I collagen (662 cm(-1)), amide III (1243 cm(-1)), proteins including type I collagen (1278 cm(-1)), woven collagen (1322 cm(-1)), association of collagen, phospholipids, nucleic acid, and phosphate (1330 cm(-1)), and collagen and protein deformation (1448 cm(-1)). The results demonstrated an increase in the collagen properties in all analyzed variables, however, the T group presented a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). It is possible to conclude that isolated physical training was shown to be more efficient than when combined with the application of GH to increase the collagen properties of the femoral bone tissue37414161421sem informação2013/14262-7El uso indiscriminado de anabolizantes en los gimnasios ha aumentado de forma generalizada, entre éstos la hormona de crecimiento (HC) es una de las más utilizadas, y a corto plazo puede potencializar el crecimiento muscular, principalmente cuando es realizado en combinación con el entrenamiento de fuerza. Sin embargo, los efectos de esta hormona aún no están totalmente esclarecidos en la literatura, especialmente en relación a las propiedades colágenas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación del HC y entrenamiento de fuerza (E) en las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral a partir de la utilización de la espectroscopía Raman. Se usaron 40 ratas Wistar distribuidos en cuatro grupos (n=10): control (C), control y aplicación del HC (HCC), entrenamiento de fuerza (E) y entrenamiento de fuerza y aplicación del HC (THC). El entrenamiento fue compuesto por cuatro series de 10 saltos acuáticos, realizados tres veces por semana, con sobrecarga correspondiente a 50 % del peso corporal y duración de cuatro semanas. El HC fue aplicado en una dosificación de 0,2 UI/Kg (0,067 mg/kg) en cada animal, tres veces por semana, en días no consecutivos. Los animales fueran eutanasiados y se retiró el fémur derecho para realización del análisis de la estructura ósea. La espectroscopía Raman (ER) fue utilizada para observar los siguientes compuestos a partir de las respectivas bandas: colágeno tipo I (662 cm-1), amida III (1243 cm1), proteínas, incluido colágeno tipo I (1278 cm-1), colágeno retorcido (1322 cm-1), asociación de colágeno, fosfolípidos, ácidos nucleicos y fosfato (1330 cm-1), deformación de colágeno y proteína (1448 cm-1). Hubo aumento en las propiedades colágenas en todas las variables analizadas, sin embargo, solamente el grupo E demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05). En conclusión, para el aumento de las propiedades colágenas del tejido óseo femoral, el entrenamiento físico aislado es más eficiente que el entrenamiento combinado con el uso de HCWe would like to thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES, for the funding of this work and the Analyzes and Films Laboratory (LabMicro - FAPESP 2013/14262-7) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista - FCT/UNESP for providing the equipment and conducting the analyze

Use of direct oral anticoagulants for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

OBJECTIVES: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is one of the most prevalent forms of pulmonary hypertension and is a major complication of acute pulmonary embolism. One mainstay of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension treatment is lifelong anticoagulation. The recent advent of direct oral anticoagulants for acute pulmonary embolism treatment has provided a viable and effective alternative for treating this condition. However, little is known about the efficacy of this new class of drugs for treating chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: A cohort of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients who initiated treatment with direct oral anticoagulants between June 2015 and November 2016 were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: Sixteen patients used rivaroxaban, three used dabigatran and one used apixaban for a mean follow-up of 20.9 months. The mean age was 51 years, and eighteen patients were classified as functional class II/III. Eight patients underwent a pulmonary endarterectomy and exhibited clinical, hemodynamic and functional improvement and currently continue to use direct oral anticoagulants. No episode of venous thromboembolism recurrence was identified during the follow-up period, but there was one episode of major bleeding after a traumatic fall. CONCLUSIONS: Although direct oral anticoagulants appear to be a safe and effective alternative for treating chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, larger studies are needed to support their routine use

PPAR-γ/IL-10 axis inhibits MyD88 expression and ameliorates murine polymicrobial sepsis

Polymicrobial sepsis induces organ failure and is accompanied by overwhelming inflammatory response and impairment of microbial killing. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is a nuclear receptor with pleiotropic effects on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation. The insulin-sensitizing drugs thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are specific PPAR-γ agonists. TZDs exert anti-inflammatory actions in different disease models, including polymicrobial sepsis. The TZD pioglitazone, which has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, improves sepsis outcome; however, the molecular programs that mediate its effect have not been determined. In a murine model of sepsis, we now show that pioglitazone treatment improves microbial clearance and enhances neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection. We also observed reduced proinflammatory cytokine production and high IL-10 levels in pioglitazone-treated mice. These effects were associated with a decrease in STAT-1-dependent expression of MyD88 in vivo and in vitro. IL-10R blockage abolished PPAR-γ-mediated inhibition of MyD88 expression. These data demonstrate that the primary mechanism by which pioglitazone protects against polymicrobial sepsis is through the impairment of MyD88 responses. This appears to represent a novel regulatory program. In this regard, pioglitazone provides advantages as a therapeutic tool, because it improves different aspects of host defense during sepsis, ultimately enhancing survival

Efecto del consumo de bebidas refrescantes en la morfología muscular de animales sometidos a entrenamiento concurrente

The consumption of industrialized foods and beverages contributes to the increase in body weight and manifestation of diverse illnesses. Among these industrialized products, soft drinks can be mentioned, which when consumed in large quantities can contribute to weight gain and the emergence of chronic non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. In terms of performance, several training protocols have been used, among which concurrent training is presented as a tool that can aid in the control of body weight and muscle development. Thus, the identification of dietary factors, as well as the use of appropriate training methods, can be essential factors in the increase in physical performance. To study the effects of concurrent training on the skeletal muscles of animals submitted to soft drink consumption. In the present study, 32 male rats were used, of the Wistar breed, in the post-weaning biological phase (30 days). The animals performed a concurrent training protocol. Forty-eight hours after the final training session, the animals were submitted to a surgical procedure to remove samples of gastrocnemius muscle. After preparation of the histological slides, the muscle fibers of the different groups of animals were measured. The median values for the minimum diameter of muscle fibers presented the following values: Control (C): 35.78, Control Soft Drinks (CSD): 36.93, Training (T): 39.12, and Training Soft Drinks (TSD): 37.82. The CSD and TSD groups demonstrated the greatest increase in body mass in relation to the C and T groups. In addition, the groups that performed the concurrent training presented a higher mean of the smallest fiber diameter. It was concluded that the ingestion of soft drinks had a negative effect on the muscular hypertrophy of animals submitted to a concurrent training protocol372671676CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESsem informaçãoEl consumo de alimentos y bebidas industrializadas contribuyen al aumento de peso corporal y manifestación de diversas enfermedades. Entre estos alimentos, se encuentran las bebidas refrescantes, que al ser consumidas en grandes proporciones, pueden contribuir al aumento de peso y a la aparición de enfermedades crónicas, tales como la hipertensión, diabetes y obesidad. En cuanto al desempeño, diversos protocolos han sido utilizados, entre estos, el entrenamiento concurrente que puede ser una forma de ayuda en el control de peso corporal y el desarrollo muscular. Siendo así, la identificación de los factores alimentarios, como también la utilización de los métodos correctos de entrenamiento, pueden ser esenciales en el aumento del desempeño físico. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar los efectos del entrenamiento concurrente en la musculatura esquelética de animales sometidos al consumo de bebidas refrescantes. En la presente investigación fueran utilizadas 32 ratas Wistar. Los animales fueran sometidos a un protocolo de entrenamiento concurrente. Después de 48 horas de la última sesión de entrenamiento, los animales fueran sometidos a un proceso quirúrgico para la remoción de muestras de tejido muscular. Los valores de la media del diámetro de las fibras musculares fueron: Control (C): 35,78; Control y Bebida Refrescante (CBR): 36,93; Entrenamiento (ET): 39,12; y Entrenamiento y Bebida Refrescante (EBR): 37,82. Se observó que los grupos CBR y EBR presentaron mayor aumento de masa corporal en comparación con C y T. Además, los grupos que realizaran el entrenamiento concurrente obtuvieron una mayor media en el diámetro de las fibras. Es posible concluir que el consumo de bebidas refrescantes tiene una influencia negativa en la hipertrofia muscular de animales sometidos a un protocolo de entrenamiento concurrentesem informaçã

Determinação do índice de volume de pulverização para a cultura do café

The adjustment of the spray volume according to the volume of vegetation has exhibited a way to make the most efficient pesticide applications. However, for the adoption of this method for the coffee, the determination of the volume index is still needed. Thus, the aim was to determine the volumetric rate of spraying for coffee (Coffea arabica ). The treatments were arranged in blocks following factorial (5 x 5), five spray volumes (200, 300, 500, 600 and 800 L ha-1) and five vegetative volume (TRV) with four replicates. We conducted the evaluation of leaf density prior to the application of treatments in three development stages (filling, maturation and post-harvest fruit). We analyzed the spray deposition (SD), density of the droplets (DD), the volumetric median diameter (VMD) of the droplets and relative amplitude (SPAN) of droplet spectrum. The applied spray volumes were converted to volumetric index (VI). There was no interaction between TRV and water volume (p&gt; 0.05) for the variables SD and DD answers. In the evaluation performed during the maturation stage, leaf density was 29% higher at the time of post-harvest and the maximum SD obtained was 0.74 cm 2 uL. The VMD medium obtained was 217 m and the span 1,1. The adjustment of the curve DD according VI allowed to estimate a reduction of up to 47% of the spray volume applied. It was concluded that the VI set according to the changes in leaf density reduces the spray volume applied to coffee plantations.O ajuste do volume de calda de acordo como o volume de vegetação tem-se mostrado uma forma de tornar as aplicações de agrotóxicos mais eficientes. Porém, para adoção deste método para o cafeeiro ainda é necessário a determinação do Índice volumétrico. Assim, objetivou-se determinar do índice volumétrico de pulverização para a cultura do café (Coffea arabica .) Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos seguindo fatorial (5 x 5), sendo cinco volumes de calda (200; 300; 500; 600 e 800 L ha-1) e cinco volumes vegetativos (TRV), com quatro repetições. Realizou-se a avaliação de densidade foliar previamente às aplicações dos tratamentos em três estádios de desenvolvimento (enchimento, maturação e pós-colheita dos frutos). Analisou-se a deposição de calda (DEP), densidade de gotas (DEN), diâmetro mediano volumétrico (DMV) das gotas e amplitude relativa (SPAN) do espectro de gotas. Os volumes de calda aplicados foram convertidos em índice volumétrico (IV). Não houve interação ente TRV e volume de calda (p &gt; 0,05) para as variáveis respostas DEP e DEN. Na avaliação realizada durante o estádio de maturação, a densidade foliar foi 29% superior à época de pós-colheita e a DEP máxima obtida foi de 0,74 µL cm-2. O DMV médio obtido foi de 217 µm e o SPAN de 1,1. O ajuste da curva de DEN de acordo com o IV permitiu estimar uma redução em até 47% do volume de calda aplicado. Concluiu-se que o ajuste do IV de acordo com as variações de densidades foliares permite reduzir o volume de calda aplicado em lavouras de café

Muscle strength training is better than the use of growth hormone (GH) in bone health of wistar rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth hormone (GH) and muscle strength training (ST) on the composition of bone tissue of Wistar rats through Raman spectroscopy. In total, 40 male rats were randomly distributed into four groups: (N = 10) control (C), control with the application of GH (GHC), strength training (T), and strength training with the application of GH (GHT). The training consisted of four series of 10 water jumps, performed three times a week, with an overload corresponding to 50 % of body weight and duration of four weeks. GH was applied at a dose of 0.2 IU / kg in each animal three times a week and every other day. After four weeks, the animals were euthanized and the right femurs collected for analysis of the bone structure. Raman spectroscopy (FR) was used to observe the following compounds from their respective bands: Calcium Carbonate-Triglycerides (fatty acids) 1073 cm(-1), Collagen type I 509 cm(-1), Bone-DNA Phosphate (Protein) 589 cm(-1), Phosphate Phospholipids 1078 cm(-1). For the statistical analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA One-Way variance analysis normality tests were performed, followed by the Tukey post-test The results showed an increase in the concentrations of calcium carbonate-triglycerides (fatty acids), type I collagen, bone phosphate-DNA (protein), and phosphate phospholipids in all experimental groups, with or without ST and/or GH , But only the isolated training group differed significantly from the control group (P <0.05). It was concluded that all treatments could promote bone tissue gain, however, only the T group demonstrated a significant difference in the mineral compounds analyzed371104110COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESSem informaçã

Nuclear PTEN enhances the maturation of a microRNA regulon to limit MyD88-dependent susceptibility to sepsis

Sepsis-induced organ damage is caused by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which results in substantial comorbidities. Therefore, it is of medical importance to identify molecular brakes that can be exploited to dampen inflammation and prevent the development of SIRS. We investigated the role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in suppressing SIRS, increasing microbial clearance, and preventing lung damage. Septic patients and mice with sepsis exhibited increased PTEN expression in leukocytes. Myeloid-specific Pten deletion in an animal model of sepsis increased bacterial loads and cytokine production, which depended on enhanced myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) abundance and resulted in mortality. PTEN-mediated induction of the microRNAs (miRNAs) miR125b and miR203b reduced the abundance of MyD88. Loss- and gain-of-function assays demonstrated that PTEN induced miRNA production by associating with and facilitating the nuclear localization of Drosha-Dgcr8, part of the miRNA-processing complex. Reconstitution of PTEN-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts with a mutant form of PTEN that does not localize to the nucleus resulted in retention of Drosha-Dgcr8 in the cytoplasm and impaired production of mature miRNAs. Thus, we identified a regulatory pathway involving nuclear PTEN-mediated miRNA generation that limits the production of MyD88 and thereby limits sepsis-associated mortality