Injeção de dejeto líquido de suínos e efeitos sobre as propriedades de um Nitossolo Vermelho

The objective of this work was to evaluate the superficial and injected applications of swine slurry and urea to the soil, regarding their effects on the physical properties of a Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico under a no-tillage system. The treatments were: injected slurry into the groove with a liquid swine slurry injector (LSSI); slurry on surface, applied on the lines by the LSSI kept raised; urea injected by opening the groove with the LSSI and distributed manually; and corn, under no-tillage, as a control. Sowing and the injection of liquid slurry or urea do not modify the organic carbon content, pH, and aggregation, but alter the soil bulk density and porosity in the mobilized line, and increase the macropores.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as aplicações superficial e injetada de dejeto líquido de suínos e ureia ao solo, quanto aos seus efeitos sobre as propriedades físicas de um Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em um sistema de semeadura direta. Os tratamentos foram: dejeto injetado no sulco, com injetor de dejeto líquido de suínos (IDLS); dejeto em superfície, aplicado às linhas com o IDLS erguido; ureia injetada, por meio de abertura do sulco com o IDLS, e distribuída manualmente; e milho, em semeadura direta, como controle. A semeadura e a injeção de dejeto líquido ou de ureia não modificam o teor de carbono orgânico, o pH e a agregação, mas alteram a densidade e a porosidade do solo na linha mobilizada, e aumentam os  macroporos

Cobertura do solo em vinhedos modifica os atributos do solo e o estado nutricional das videiras

The cover crop intercropping in vineyards protects the soil from erosion and can be an alternative for controlling the growth of the vine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the soil’s chemical properties, leaf composition and branch growth of Cabernet Sauvignon vine caused by the cover crops in the vineyard. The study was carried in an experiment conducted from 2009 in the highlands of Santa Catarina state, where the soil and climatic conditions favor the excessive growth of the vine. The treatments consisted of three types of cover crops, two management and a control. The cover crops were annual, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), the perennial fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and the native (spontaneous), while the managements were mowed with the crop residue in total area and, with its transfer from the row to the between row of the vine. Samples of leaves and soil were carried out in “veraison” and at end of grape maturation stages, respectively. The cover crops and its management in general did not change the soil pH, or the exchangeable content of Al, Ca and Mg, but the annual did increase the available P content in the 0-5 cm layer compared to the control. The perennial in general did increase the extractable K content compared to the control in the 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers, and compared to the annual and native crops in all of the soil layers. The perennial reduced the leaf contents of P and K when compared to other treatments, the Mg leaf content was compared to the annual and decreased the N leaf content and the mass of branches when compared to the control treatment.O cultivo de cobertura verde em vinhedos protege o solo da erosão e ainda pode ser uma alternativa para o controle do vigor da videira. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura do solo de vinhedo nos atributos químicos do solo, na composição foliar e no crescimento de ramos da videira do cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. As avalições foram realizadas na safra 2013/14, em experimento conduzido a partir de 2009 na região do Planalto Sul Catarinense, onde as condições edafoclimáticas favorecem o excesso de vigor da videira. Os tratamentos compreenderam três tipos de plantas, dois manejos e um controle. As plantas foram a sucessão de anuais, trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum), a perene festuca (Festuca arundinacea) e as nativas (espontâneas) e os manejos foram roçada com o resíduo cultural distribuído em área total e, com a sua transferência da faixa da linha da videira para a faixa da entrelinha. O controle foi a aplicação de herbicida na faixa da linha e roçada na entrelinha. As amostragens das folhas e do solo foram realizadas nas fases de mudança de cor e de maturação plena da uva. As plantas de cobertura e seu manejo, em geral, não afetaram o pH, nem os teores de Al, Ca e Mg trocáveis no solo, porém as anuais aumentaram o P extraível na camada 0 - 5 cm relativamente à testemunha. Em geral, a espécie perene aumentou o K extraível relativamente à testemunha nas camadas 5-10 e 10-15 cm e relativamente às plantas anuais e nativas em todas as camadas. A festuca promoveu menor teor de Mg nas folhas da videira em relação às plantas anuais e menores teores de P e K relativamente aos demais tratamentos e também diminuiu o teor de N foliar e a massa de ramos da videira em relação à testemunha

Cold and humid Atlantic forest during the late glacial, northern Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil

The Atlantic Rainforest, covering the area from the northern Espirito Santo to Southern Bahia states, has been considered as a stable forest during Pleistocene Glacial times. Despite the modelling and phylogenetic studies, this hypothesis has never been tested with empirical paleo-data and vegetation reconstruction. By using palynology, radiocarbon dating, carbon and nitrogen elemental and isotope of organic matter, we reconstructed the vegetation dynamics and inferred climatic changes since Late Pleistocene in the centre of this global biodiversity hotspot. Our results show that the forest biome was resilient to Last Glacial Maximum - LGM conditions, but floristics has changed when compared to nowadays. Since late glacial, the dense forest changed from cold to warm specimens. Major vegetation changes also occurred during early and mid-Holocene less humid conditions, with an opening of the forest, suggesting that future drought may have negative impacts and highlighting the importance of forest conservation to keep the Atlantic Rainforest biodiversity

Nutrient budget in an agroforestry system in the Cerrado of Botucatu, SP

O cultivo em aléias é um tipo de sistema agroflorestal em que, as espécies arbóreas, plantadas em renques, são associadas com culturas anuais. Nesse sistema e no Cerrado, determinou-se o balanço de nutrientes a fim de verificar o efeito do aporte de nutrientes proveniente da fitomassa arbórea podada na produção das culturas e em atributos químicos do solo (nutrientes e matéria orgânica). A espécie arbórea foi a leucina (Leucaena leucocephala) plantada em 1987, em solo de Cerrado (latossolo vermelho amarelo). Os renques foram espaçados de 6 cm, com poda a cada 24 meses. Os cultivos anuais foram: aveia preta + centeio (inverno), usados como adubo verde e milho + feijão adzuki (verão). Aplicou-se adubação mineral somente na implantação da leucena. As entradas e saídas anuais de macronutrientes foram avaliadas de junho de 1995 a maio de 1996 nos dois sistemas. Os componentes vegetais considerados foram: serapilheira, fitomassa podada da leucena, restos culturais e produção de grãos. Os componentes hídricos foram: chuva livre, gotejamento de copa, fluxo de caule, lixiviação e erosão. O teor de nutrientes no solo e volatilização de N também foram medidos. O balanço foi calculado pela diferença entre a adição e as perdas externas de nutrientes. Quantificou-se ainda a reciclagem interna de nutrientes para os componentes hídricos e vegetais. As perdas de nutrientes no Cerrado totalizaram 6,9 kg ha-1 de N, 1,5 kg ha-1 de P, 4,7 kg ha-1 de K, 28,4 kg ha-1 de Ca e 4,9 kg ha-1 de Mg. A lixiviação foi mais importante, contribuindo com 46 a 96 % do total. As perdas por escoamento superficial foram mínimas. No cultivo em aléias, as perdas de nutrientes atingiram 28,3 kg ha-1 de N, 5,5 kg ha-1 de P, 13,3 kg ha-1 de K, 36,2 kg ha-1 de Ca e 6,1 kg ha-1 de Mg. Foram maiores que no Cerrado, devido à remoção pelos grãos. A reciclagem no ciclo planta-solo no Cerrado, ocorreu principalmente pela serapilheira, com 2176 kg ha-1 ano-1 de fitomassa seca. Este componente teve 27,8 kg ha-1 de N, 7,2 kg ha-1 de K e 3,7 kg ha-1 de Mg, contribuindo com 64 a 83 % do total desses nutrientes. Para o P e Ca, o maior retorno ao solo foi pelo gotejamento de copa, com 3,0 kg ha-1 de P e 14,9 kg ha-1 de Ca. No cultivo em aléias, os componentes vegetais foram mais importantes, produzindo 11039 kg ha-1 por ano de matéria seca. Deste total, 4465 kg ha-1 foi composto de fitomassa podada, 4176 kg ha-1 de restos culturais e 2398 kg ha-1 de serapilheira. Como resultado a reciclagem foi 2,9 a 7,0 vezes superior à do Cerrado. Consequentemente, o balanço anual de nutrientes no Cerrado foi de 8,5 kg ha-1 de N, 1,4 kg ha-1 de P, 0,7 kg ha-1 de K, -15,5 kg ha-1 de Ca e -2,5 kg ha-1 de Mg. No sistema agroflorestal, o saldo anual de nutrientes atingiu -12,8 kg ha-1 de N, -2,6 kg ha-1 de P, -7.9 kg ha-1 de K, -26,3 kg ha-1 de Ca e -3,7 kg ha-1 de Mg. O saldo negativo representa perda líquida de nutrientes, empobrecendo gradativamente o solo. Os principais benefícios do cultivo em aléias, comparados ao Cerrado, foram incrementos nos teores de carbono, N, P, Ca e Mg na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). Isso foi possível, graças à reciclagem contínua. Apesar da melhoria nos teores de nutrientes e matéria orgânica no solo, a produtividade das culturas foi baixa: 1210 kg ha-1 de milho e 175 kg ha-1 de feijão. Isto foi atribuído à competição exercida pela leucena e ao limitado conteúdo de nutrientes no solo, os quais, excetuando-se o N, estavam em níveis baixos a muito baixos. O cultivo em aléias pode ser indicado para a produção de alimentos sem a aplicação rotineira de fertilizantes. Isto resultará em economia de insumos para o agricultor. A adubação complementar com fósforo e potássio irá aumentar a produtividade das culturas e ajudará a equilibrar o balanço de nutrientes.Alley cropping is a kind of agroforestry system where tree species planted in hedgerows are associated with annual crops. In this system and in the Cerrado, the nutrient budget was determined, to find the effect of nutrient input from pruned biomass on crop yield and in soil chemical characteristics (nutrient and organic matter levels). Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) was the tree planted in a Cerrado soil (Haplortox) in 1987. The hedgerows were 6 m apart and the pruning interval was 24 months. Annual crops were oat + rye consorciated in winter for green manuring. Maize + adzuki bean were grown in the summer. Mineral fertilizers were applied lo leucaena at planting time but not to the cereal crops. Annual nutrient inputs and outputs (from July/1995 to May/t996) were evaluated for both systems. Plant components were estimated (litterfall, pruning biomass, crop residues and grains). Hydric components were separated in total rain, throughfall, stem flow, leaching and runoff. Soil nutrient content and N volatilization were also measured. The nutrient budget was calculated by the difference between external input and output. Internal turnover was determinated for the hydric and plant components. Nutrient losses in native vegetation were at 6,9 kg ha-1 N, 1,5 kg ha-1 P, 4,7 kg ha-1 K, 28,4 kg ha-1 Ca and 4,9 kg ha-1 Mg. Leaching was the most important mechanism, reaching 46 a 96 % of total loss, runoff was the smaller process. In alley cropping, losses were of 28,3 kg ha-1 N, 5,5 kg ha-1 P, 13,3 kg ha-1 K, 36,2 kg ha-1 Ca and 6,1 kg ha-1 Mg. Those values were larger than in Cerrado, because nutrient removal by grains. Nutrient turnover in plant-soil cycle in the Cerrado, occurred mainly by litterfall, with 2176 kg ha-1 year-1 of dry matter (DM). This component had 27,8 kg ha-1 of N, 7,2 kg ha-1 of K and 3,7 kg ha-1 of Mg. Litterfall contributed with to 64 % to 83 % of the total of these nutrients. For P and Ca, the larger return to the soil came from throughfall, with 3,0 kg ha-1 P and 14,9 kg ha-1 Ca. In the alley cropping system, plant components were more important, yielding 11039 kg ha-1 of DM per year. Of this amount, 4465 kg ha-1 was composed of pruning biomass, 4176 kg ha-1 of crop residues and 2398 kg ha-1 of litterfall. As a result, nutrient turnover was 2,9 to 7,0 times that of the Cerrado. Consequently, annual nutrient budget in Cerrado was 8,5 kg ha-1 N, 1,4 kg ha-1 P, 0,7 kg ha-1 K, -15,5 ka ha-1 Ca and -2,5 kg ha-1 Mg. In the agroforestry system, it reacked -12,8 kg ha-1 N, -2,6 kg ha-1 P, -7,9 kg ha-1 K, -23,3 kg ha-1 Ca and -3,7 kg ha-1 Mg. The negative values reveal net loss of soil nutrients. This effect gradually exhausts soil fertility. The main benefits of alley cropping, as compared to Cerrado, were increments in organic C, N, P, Ca and Mg to the soil surface layer (0-20 cm). This was the result of continuous nutrient turnover. In spite of those gains in soil nutrients and organic matter, crop yields were low: 1210 kg ha-1 of maize and 175 kg ha-1 of beans. This is attributed to competition by leucaena and low soil nutrient levels, which, except tor N, were low to very low. Thus, alley cropping can be recommended for production grain, without continuous fertilization. This will result in lowering external inputs for the farmer. Fertilization with P and K will, however, improve crop yields helping lo equilibrate nutrient balance

Nutrient budget in an agroforestry system in the Cerrado of Botucatu, SP

O cultivo em aléias é um tipo de sistema agroflorestal em que, as espécies arbóreas, plantadas em renques, são associadas com culturas anuais. Nesse sistema e no Cerrado, determinou-se o balanço de nutrientes a fim de verificar o efeito do aporte de nutrientes proveniente da fitomassa arbórea podada na produção das culturas e em atributos químicos do solo (nutrientes e matéria orgânica). A espécie arbórea foi a leucina (Leucaena leucocephala) plantada em 1987, em solo de Cerrado (latossolo vermelho amarelo). Os renques foram espaçados de 6 cm, com poda a cada 24 meses. Os cultivos anuais foram: aveia preta + centeio (inverno), usados como adubo verde e milho + feijão adzuki (verão). Aplicou-se adubação mineral somente na implantação da leucena. As entradas e saídas anuais de macronutrientes foram avaliadas de junho de 1995 a maio de 1996 nos dois sistemas. Os componentes vegetais considerados foram: serapilheira, fitomassa podada da leucena, restos culturais e produção de grãos. Os componentes hídricos foram: chuva livre, gotejamento de copa, fluxo de caule, lixiviação e erosão. O teor de nutrientes no solo e volatilização de N também foram medidos. O balanço foi calculado pela diferença entre a adição e as perdas externas de nutrientes. Quantificou-se ainda a reciclagem interna de nutrientes para os componentes hídricos e vegetais. As perdas de nutrientes no Cerrado totalizaram 6,9 kg ha-1 de N, 1,5 kg ha-1 de P, 4,7 kg ha-1 de K, 28,4 kg ha-1 de Ca e 4,9 kg ha-1 de Mg. A lixiviação foi mais importante, contribuindo com 46 a 96 % do total. As perdas por escoamento superficial foram mínimas. No cultivo em aléias, as perdas de nutrientes atingiram 28,3 kg ha-1 de N, 5,5 kg ha-1 de P, 13,3 kg ha-1 de K, 36,2 kg ha-1 de Ca e 6,1 kg ha-1 de Mg. Foram maiores que no Cerrado, devido à remoção pelos grãos. A reciclagem no ciclo planta-solo no Cerrado, ocorreu principalmente pela serapilheira, com 2176 kg ha-1 ano-1 de fitomassa seca. Este componente teve 27,8 kg ha-1 de N, 7,2 kg ha-1 de K e 3,7 kg ha-1 de Mg, contribuindo com 64 a 83 % do total desses nutrientes. Para o P e Ca, o maior retorno ao solo foi pelo gotejamento de copa, com 3,0 kg ha-1 de P e 14,9 kg ha-1 de Ca. No cultivo em aléias, os componentes vegetais foram mais importantes, produzindo 11039 kg ha-1 por ano de matéria seca. Deste total, 4465 kg ha-1 foi composto de fitomassa podada, 4176 kg ha-1 de restos culturais e 2398 kg ha-1 de serapilheira. Como resultado a reciclagem foi 2,9 a 7,0 vezes superior à do Cerrado. Consequentemente, o balanço anual de nutrientes no Cerrado foi de 8,5 kg ha-1 de N, 1,4 kg ha-1 de P, 0,7 kg ha-1 de K, -15,5 kg ha-1 de Ca e -2,5 kg ha-1 de Mg. No sistema agroflorestal, o saldo anual de nutrientes atingiu -12,8 kg ha-1 de N, -2,6 kg ha-1 de P, -7.9 kg ha-1 de K, -26,3 kg ha-1 de Ca e -3,7 kg ha-1 de Mg. O saldo negativo representa perda líquida de nutrientes, empobrecendo gradativamente o solo. Os principais benefícios do cultivo em aléias, comparados ao Cerrado, foram incrementos nos teores de carbono, N, P, Ca e Mg na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm). Isso foi possível, graças à reciclagem contínua. Apesar da melhoria nos teores de nutrientes e matéria orgânica no solo, a produtividade das culturas foi baixa: 1210 kg ha-1 de milho e 175 kg ha-1 de feijão. Isto foi atribuído à competição exercida pela leucena e ao limitado conteúdo de nutrientes no solo, os quais, excetuando-se o N, estavam em níveis baixos a muito baixos. O cultivo em aléias pode ser indicado para a produção de alimentos sem a aplicação rotineira de fertilizantes. Isto resultará em economia de insumos para o agricultor. A adubação complementar com fósforo e potássio irá aumentar a produtividade das culturas e ajudará a equilibrar o balanço de nutrientes.Alley cropping is a kind of agroforestry system where tree species planted in hedgerows are associated with annual crops. In this system and in the Cerrado, the nutrient budget was determined, to find the effect of nutrient input from pruned biomass on crop yield and in soil chemical characteristics (nutrient and organic matter levels). Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) was the tree planted in a Cerrado soil (Haplortox) in 1987. The hedgerows were 6 m apart and the pruning interval was 24 months. Annual crops were oat + rye consorciated in winter for green manuring. Maize + adzuki bean were grown in the summer. Mineral fertilizers were applied lo leucaena at planting time but not to the cereal crops. Annual nutrient inputs and outputs (from July/1995 to May/t996) were evaluated for both systems. Plant components were estimated (litterfall, pruning biomass, crop residues and grains). Hydric components were separated in total rain, throughfall, stem flow, leaching and runoff. Soil nutrient content and N volatilization were also measured. The nutrient budget was calculated by the difference between external input and output. Internal turnover was determinated for the hydric and plant components. Nutrient losses in native vegetation were at 6,9 kg ha-1 N, 1,5 kg ha-1 P, 4,7 kg ha-1 K, 28,4 kg ha-1 Ca and 4,9 kg ha-1 Mg. Leaching was the most important mechanism, reaching 46 a 96 % of total loss, runoff was the smaller process. In alley cropping, losses were of 28,3 kg ha-1 N, 5,5 kg ha-1 P, 13,3 kg ha-1 K, 36,2 kg ha-1 Ca and 6,1 kg ha-1 Mg. Those values were larger than in Cerrado, because nutrient removal by grains. Nutrient turnover in plant-soil cycle in the Cerrado, occurred mainly by litterfall, with 2176 kg ha-1 year-1 of dry matter (DM). This component had 27,8 kg ha-1 of N, 7,2 kg ha-1 of K and 3,7 kg ha-1 of Mg. Litterfall contributed with to 64 % to 83 % of the total of these nutrients. For P and Ca, the larger return to the soil came from throughfall, with 3,0 kg ha-1 P and 14,9 kg ha-1 Ca. In the alley cropping system, plant components were more important, yielding 11039 kg ha-1 of DM per year. Of this amount, 4465 kg ha-1 was composed of pruning biomass, 4176 kg ha-1 of crop residues and 2398 kg ha-1 of litterfall. As a result, nutrient turnover was 2,9 to 7,0 times that of the Cerrado. Consequently, annual nutrient budget in Cerrado was 8,5 kg ha-1 N, 1,4 kg ha-1 P, 0,7 kg ha-1 K, -15,5 ka ha-1 Ca and -2,5 kg ha-1 Mg. In the agroforestry system, it reacked -12,8 kg ha-1 N, -2,6 kg ha-1 P, -7,9 kg ha-1 K, -23,3 kg ha-1 Ca and -3,7 kg ha-1 Mg. The negative values reveal net loss of soil nutrients. This effect gradually exhausts soil fertility. The main benefits of alley cropping, as compared to Cerrado, were increments in organic C, N, P, Ca and Mg to the soil surface layer (0-20 cm). This was the result of continuous nutrient turnover. In spite of those gains in soil nutrients and organic matter, crop yields were low: 1210 kg ha-1 of maize and 175 kg ha-1 of beans. This is attributed to competition by leucaena and low soil nutrient levels, which, except tor N, were low to very low. Thus, alley cropping can be recommended for production grain, without continuous fertilization. This will result in lowering external inputs for the farmer. Fertilization with P and K will, however, improve crop yields helping lo equilibrate nutrient balance

Calcium: magnesium ratio in amendments of soil acidity: nutrition and initial development of corn plants in a Humic Alic Cambisol

The variation in the Ca:Mg ratio in amendments used to neutralize soil acidity is one way of altering the availability of those nutrients to the plants in acid soils. The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of different proportions of calcium and magnesium in the form of CaCO(3) and MgCO(3) Oil the nutrient uptake, and initial production of dry matter by corn plants. The study was carried out in greenhouse conditions, in Lages, SC, with a completely randomized experimental design, with three replications. The treatments were the application of equivalent to 21.0 t ha(-1) of lime, using mixtures of CaCO(3) and MgCO(3) in several proportions to obtain different Ca:Mg ratios (1: 1, 2:1, 4:1, 8:1, 16:1 and 32:1), on a Humic Alic Cambisol, with 310 g kg(-1) of clay. The application of treatments caused the following Ca:Mg ratios in the CEC: 1. 1: 1, 2.1:1, 4.0:1, 8.1:1, 16.4:1 and 31.8:1. The high concentrations of exchangeable Ca in soil caused by addition of lime with high Ca content inhibited the uptake of Mg and K by the corn plants. The increase in the soil Ca:Mg ratio reduced the dry matter production and height of plants in the initial stage of development

Soil physical properties and grape yield influenced by cover crops and management systems

The use of cover crops in vineyards is a conservation practice with the purpose of reducing soil erosion and improving the soil physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate cover crop species and management systems on soil physical properties and grape yield. The experiment was carried out in Bento Gonçalves, RS, Southern Brazil, on a Haplic Cambisol, in a vineyard established in 1989, using White and Rose Niagara grape (Vitis labrusca L.) in a horizontal, overhead trellis system. The treatments were established in 2002, consisting of three cover crops: spontaneous species (SS), black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) (BO), and a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and annual rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) (MC). Two management systems were applied: desiccation with herbicide (D) and mechanical mowing (M). Soil under a native forest (NF) area was collected as a reference. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with three replications. The soil physical properties in the vine rows were not influenced by cover crops and were similar to the native forest, with good quality of the soil structure. In the inter-rows, however, there was a reduction in biopores, macroporosity, total porosity and an increase in soil density, related to the compaction of the surface soil layer. The M system increased soil aggregate stability compared to the D system. The treatments affected grapevine yield only in years with excess or irregular rainfall