Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

Sample characteristics from the EPOCH 2 study in 5 countries.

<p>Sample characteristics from the EPOCH 2 study in 5 countries.</p

Reliability estimates and variance partitioning coefficients (VPC) for thirteen scales measuring characteristics of the community environment potentially related to cardiovascular disease (CVD).

<p>Scales were derived from individual responses to questionnaire items in the EPOCH 2 survey done in 84 urban and rural communities in 5 countries.</p><p>Models adjusted for respondent age, sex, level of education and smoking status (current, former, or ever). Overall model additionally adjusts for urban/rural location as a community-specific covariate.</p><p>VPC, variance partitioning coefficient; Rand, random effects; Fixed, fixed effects.</p

Correlation matrix of scales measuring characteristics of the community environment.

<p>Correlation matrix of scales measuring characteristics of the community environment.</p

František Palacký and Czech politics in the end of the last century

Timing of data collection in each country. (PDF 14 kb

Supplemental material 1 for Rationale, design, and baseline participant characteristics in the MRI and cognitive substudy of the cardiovascular outcomes for people using anticoagulation strategies trial

<p>Supplemental material 1 for Rationale, design, and baseline participant characteristics in the MRI and cognitive substudy of the cardiovascular outcomes for people using anticoagulation strategies trial by Mukul Sharma, Robert G Hart, Eric E Smith, Jackie Bosch, Fei Yuan, Amparo Casanova, John W Eikelboom, Stuart J Connolly, Gloria Wong, Rafael Diaz, Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo, Georg Ertl, Stefan Störk, Gilles R Dagenais, Eva M Lonn, Lars Ryden, Andrew M Tonkin, John D Varigos, Deepak L Bhatt, Kelley RH Branch, Jeffrey L Probstfield, Jae-Hyung Kim, Jong-Won Ha, Martin O’Donnell, Dragos Vinereanu, Keith AA Fox, Yan Liang, Lisheng Liu, Jun Zhu, Nana Pogosova, Aldo P Maggioni, Alvaro Avezum, Leopoldo S Piegas, Katalin Keltai, Matyas Keltai, Nancy Cook Bruns, Scott Berkowitz and Salim Yusuf in International Journal of Stroke</p

Additional file 8: Figure S2. of Wealth and cardiovascular health: a cross-sectional study of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in high-, middle- and low-income countries

Adjusted prevalence of hypertension awareness, treatment and control with 95% confidence intervals within PURE cohorts, by wealth quintile and country (ordered by 2006 GDP). (PDF 26 kb