Atributos químicos de um Latossolo acrescido de biocarvão de palha de café conilon

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing rates of biochar produced with coffee straw, at two pyrolysis temperatures, on the chemical attributes of an Oxisol cultivated with conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) and on the nutrient content of coffee tree leaves. Treatments consisted of pyrolysis at two temperatures (350 and 600°C) and of five biochar rates (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha-1). The following soil chemical attributes were evaluated: pH in water; P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents; effective and potential cation exchange capacity (CEC); sum of bases (SB); base (V) and aluminium (m) saturation; and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn contents in the leaves. The biochar produced at 600°C, at rates of 10 and 15 Mg ha-1, promoted a greater K release into the soil. Regardless of temperature, coffee straw biochar increased K and P availability, sum of bases, base saturation, and CEC in the soil, but did not influence macro- and micronutrient contents in the leaves. The addition of increasing rates of coffee straw biochar in the soil increases P, K, Mg, SB, CEC, and V, regardless of pyrolysis temperature.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses crescentes de biocarvão produzido com palhada de café, em duas temperaturas de pirólise, nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo cultivado com cafeeiro conilon (Coffea canephora), e no conteúdo de nutrientes das folhas do cafeeiro. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas temperaturas de pirólise (350 e 600°C) e cinco doses de biocarvão (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 Mg ha-1). Avaliaram-se os seguintes atributos químicos do solo: pH em água; teores de P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, H+Al, Zn, Cu, Fe e Mn; capacidade de troca catiônica efetiva e potencial (CTC); soma de bases (SB); saturação por bases (V) e por alumínio (m); e teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe e Mn nas folhas. O biocarvão produzido a 600°C, nas doses de 10 e 15 Mg ha-1, promoveu maior liberação de K ao solo. Independentemente da temperatura, o biocarvão promoveu o aumento de P e K disponíveis, SB, V e CTC no solo, mas não influenciou os conteúdos dos macro e micronutrientes das folhas. A adição de doses crescentes de biocarvão da palha de café conilon no solo promove aumento de P, K, Mg, SB, CTC e V, independentemente da temperatura de pirólise

Fitorremediação de metais pesados e clorobenzenos em lodo de esgoto cultivado com Pennisetum purpureum

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T15:45:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 anarelly.pdf: 2305007 bytes, checksum: 7b87500214631c85c1734075718ab5cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 21Uma das grandes limitações do uso agrícola do lodo de esgoto é a presença de poluentes, os quais podem afetar o meio ambiente e a saúde dos seres vivos. Portanto, esforços devem ser envidados no sentido de se desenvolver técnicas eficientes para a redução destes contaminantes no resíduo, principalmente aquelas relacionadas a processos de fitorremediação, que são de baixo custo e de fácil aplicação. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito do cultivo em lodo de esgoto sobre as concentrações de metais pesados e de clorobenzenos 1,4-CB e 1,3,5-CB, visando à utilização segura deste resíduo na agricultura. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação do ICA/UFMG, durante 150 dias, utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados. Os tratamentos, em 5 repetições, corresponderam a 5 períodos do cultivo de Pennisetum purpureum Schum. em parcelas de lodo de esgoto (30; 60; 90; 120 e 150 dias, a partir do plantio de estacas) e 2 testemunhas (parcelas de lodo não cultivado e plantio da gramínea em solo). Aos 150 dias, as gramíneas cultivadas em solo apresentaram produção de massa seca total 1,5 vezes maiores do que as plantas crescidas no resíduo. Nos tecidos orgânicos da gramínea foram detectados apenas o As, Cu e Zn, porém só os dois últimos elementos estavam presentes na composição dos fitólitos. O sequestro de Zn e Cu em fitólitos é de elevada relevância, pois pode estar relacionado a não detecção de efeitos fitotóxicos desses metais sobre a gramínea. Além disso, a estabilidade química apresentada por essas estruturas silicosas garante a retirada permanente desses elementos da cadeia trófica. Apesar da gramínea em estudo não ter se enquadrado nos critérios de planta hiperacumuladora, a alta produção de biomassa e de fitólitos a potencializa para ser usada em sistemas de cultivo em lodo de esgoto. Durante o monitoramento dos clorobenzenos observou-se que, aos 30 dias de cultivo, as parcelas de lodo de esgoto apresentaram elevações nos teores de 1,4-CB e 1,3,5-CB da ordem de 15,5 e 8,36 vezes, respectivamente, em relação aos teores encontrados no lodo de esgoto antes do cultivo. Aos 150 dias não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as concentrações de 1,4-CB da testemunha (sem cultivo) e o tratamento com cultivo em lodo nas camadas avaliadas. Por outro lado, a testemunha, nas camadas de 0-10 e 10-20 cm, apresentou maiores concentrações de 1,3,5-CB, quando comparada as mesmas profundidades do lodo de esgoto cultivado. A permanência dos clorobenzenos ao longo do tempo pode estar relacionada à estrutura química do contaminante, a qual apresenta características recalcitrantes à decomposição. Porém, no lodo cultivado, na camada de 10-20 cm, houve decréscimo das concentrações de 1,4-CB, enquanto, na profundidade de 20-30 cm, tanto as concentrações de 1,4-CB quanto de 1,3,5-CB diminuíram. As reduções observadas podem ser resultado das interações mutualísticas entre microrganismos decompositores e raízes de P. purpureum, o que favorece a decomposição.A major limitation of sewage sludge agricultural use is the presence of pollutants, which can affect the environment and the health of living beings. Therefore, efforts should be made in order to develop efficient techniques to reduce these contaminants in waste, especially those related to phytoremediation processes, which are inexpensive and easy to apply. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cultivation in sewage sludge on heavy metal and chlorobenzenes 1,4-CB and 1,3,5-CB concentrations, seeking the safe use of this waste in agriculture. The experiment was conducted at the ICA/UFMG greenhouse, during 150 days, using a randomized block design. The treatments, 5 replicates, corresponded to 5 periods of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cultivation in sewage sludge portions (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days from planting cuttings) and two controls (sludge uncultivated plots and planting of grass on the ground). After 150 days the grasses grown in soil showed the total dry mass of 1.5 times that of plants grown in the residue. In the sewage sludge and grassy organic tissues were only detected As, Cu and Zn, but only the last two components were present in the composition of phytolith. The kidnapping of Zn and Cu in phytoliths is highly relevant because it may be related to failure to detect phytotoxic effects of these metals on the grass. In addition, the chemical stability presented by these siliceous structures guarantees the permanent removal of these elements of the food chain. Although, the grass under study have not framed in hyperaccumulator plant criteria, the high biomass production and phytoliths the leverages for use in cultivation in sewage sludge systems. During the monitoring of chlorobenzenes was observed that after 30 days of cultivation the sewage sludge plots showed increases in levels of 1,4-CB and 1,3,5-CB on the order of 15.5 and 8.36 times, respectively, the contents found in the sewage sludge before the start of cultivation. After 150 days there were no significant differences between the concentrations of 1,4-CB control (not cultivated) and treatment with the plant grown in sewage sludge. On the other hand, the control, at 0-10 and 10-20 cm, showed higher concentrations of 1,3,5-CB, compared to the same depths grown sewage sludge. The permanence of chlorobenzenes over time may be related to contaminant chemical structure, which has characteristics recalcitrant to decomposition. However, the sludge grown in 10-20 cm depth, there was a decrease in the concentrations of 1,4-CB, while at a depth of 20-30 cm, both concentrations of 1,4-CB and 1,3,5-CB decreased. The observed reductions may be the result of interactions between mutualistic decomposing microorganisms and the roots of P. purpureum, which promotes decomposition

Toxicological and behavioral impacts of atrazine on Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) in choice tests.

Weeds should be controlled with low impact methods and selective agrochemicals that have little or no effect on non-target organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the herbicide atrazine (triazine class) on 10 Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species. A female of 10 species of these natural enemies was individually placed in a glass test tube (free-choice test) with two paper cards containing 45 Anagasta (Ephestia) kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs (treatment and control), with 10 replications. The cards were sprayed with the herbicide atrazine at 8.07 L/ha; the control was sprayed with distilled water. Parasitism by these natural enemies was allowed for 48 h. Atrazine changes the behavior of female parasitoids, reducing the parasitism (≈ 71 %) and emergence (≈ 74 %) rates and sex ratio (≈ 74 %) of the Trichogrammatidae species, except for Trichogramma galloi and T. bennetti. No females emerged from eggs parasitized by T. acacioi, Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. atopovirilia, T. bruni, T. brasiliensis, T. demoraesi, and T. soaresi with atrazine. The results revealed that atrazine herbicide is harmless to T. bennetti and T. galloi, but it was moderately harmful (80 – 99 % reduction) to the other Trichogrammatidae species based on the parasitism and emergence rates

Effects of duration of cold storage of host eggs on percent parasitism and adult emergence of each of Ten Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species

Improving parasitoid mass rearing techniques is important to reduce costs of biological control programs and supply natural enemies at times of high demand. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs stored at 5 °C for different time periods as a host for Trichogrammatoidea annulata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and for 9 Trichogramma species (T. acacioi, T. atopovirilia, T. benneti, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. demoraesi, T. galloi, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi). The experiment had a factorial design with 10 parasitoid species, 9 host storage periods (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days, and a no storage control) and 20 replications, each consisting of one card (0.4 × 2.0 cm) with 40.70 ± 0.03 eggs of A. kuehniella. Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. acacioi, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi parasitized eggs of A. kuehniella stored up to 24 days; T. atopovirilia parasitized eggs stored up to 16 days. Trichogramma demoraesi and T. benneti parasitized eggs stored for 15 days and T. galloi parasitized eggs stored for up to 13 days. The percentage of parasitized eggs decreased when the storage period increased. Among the tested parasitoids T. acacioi parasitized eggs stored for longer periods and showed the highest percentage both of parasitism and adult emergence.Mejorar las técnicas de cría masiva es importante para reducir los costos de programas de control biológico y proveer enemigos naturales en periodos de alta demanda. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la idoneidad de huevos de Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), almacenados a 5 °C por varios periodos de tiempo, como hospederos de Trichogrammatoidea annulata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) y nueve especies de Trichogramma (T. acacioi, T. atopovirilia, T. benneti, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. demoraesi, T. galloi, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi). El experimento tuvo un diseño factorial con 10 especies de parasitoides, 9 periodos de almacenamiento (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 y 40 días; y no almacenamiento como control) y 20 réplicas, cada una consintiendo en un pedazo de cartón (0.4 × 2.0 cm) con 40.70 ± 0.03 huevos de A. kuehniella. Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. acacioi, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. pretiosum, y T. soaresi parasitaron huevos de A. kuehniella almacenados hasta 24 días; T. atopovirilia parasitó huevos almacenados hasta 16 días. Trichogramma demoraesi y T. benneti parasitaron huevos almacenados 16 días y T. galloi parasitó huevos almacenados hasta 13 días. El porcentaje de huevos parasitados disminuyo con incrementos al periodo de almacenamiento. Dentro de los parasitoides evaluados T. acacioi parasitó huevos almacenados por periodos más largos y presento los niveles de parasitismo y de emergencia de adultos más altos

Effects of atrazine-based herbicide on emergence and sex ratio of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the herbicide atrazine, recommended for weed control in corn, on 10 species of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera). A female of each trichogrammatid was placed individually in a test tube (nochoice) with a card containing approximately 45 Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. Parasitism by these trichogrammatids was allowed for 48 h, and the cards were sprayed with the herbicide atrazine at 6 L/ha, along with a control (distilled water). Atrazine reduced the emergence of Trichogramma bruni Nagaraja females, but increased that of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, and Trichogramma soaresi Nagaraja. In addition, atrazine reduced the sex ratio of T. bruni, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, and Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, and increased that of T. demoraesi and T. soaresi. The herbicide was slightly harmful to T. bennetti and T. bruni, but was relatively harmless to the other species of Trichogrammatidae based on the standards of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC).O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do herbicida atrazine, recomendado para a cultura do milho, em 10 espécies de Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera). Uma fêmea de cada Trichogramma spp. foi individualizada e acondicionada por tubo de ensaio (sem chance de escolha) com uma cartela contendo aproximadamente 45 ovos de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). O parasitismo desses inimigos naturais foi permitido por 48 h e as cartelas foram pulverizadas com o herbicida atrazine (6 L/ha), o controle foi pulverizado com água destilada. Atrazine reduziu a emergência de fêmeas de Trichogramma bruni Nagaraja, porém aumentou a de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma demoraesi Nagaraja, Trichogramma galloi Zucchi e Trichogramma soaresi Nagaraja. Além disso, atrazine reduziu a razão sexual de T. bruni, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner e Trichogramma bennetti Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, e aumentou a de T. demoraesi e T. soaresi. O herbicida foi levemente nocivo para T. bennetti e T. bruni, mas foi inócuo para as outras espécies de Trichogrammatidae com base nos padrões da “International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC)”

Effects of Duration of Cold Storage of Host Eggs on Percent Parasitism and Adult Emergence of Each of Ten Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) Species

Improving parasitoid mass rearing techniques is important to reduce costs of biological control programs and supply natural enemies at times of high demand. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs stored at 5 °C for different time periods as a host for Trichogrammatoidea annulata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and for 9 Trichogramma species (T. acacioi, T. atopovirilia, T. benneti, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. demoraesi, T. galloi, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi). The experiment had a factorial design with 10 parasitoid species, 9 host storage periods (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days, and a no storage control) and 20 replications, each consisting of one card (0.4 × 2.0 cm) with 40.70 ± 0.03 eggs of A. kuehniella. Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. acacioi, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi parasitized eggs of A. kuehniella stored up to 24 days; T. atopovirilia parasitized eggs stored up to 16 days. Trichogramma demoraesi and T. benneti parasitized eggs stored for 15 days and T. galloi parasitized eggs stored for up to 13 days. The percentage of parasitized eggs decreased when the storage period increased. Among the tested parasitoids T. acacioi parasitized eggs stored for longer periods and showed the highest percentage both of parasitism and adult emergence.Mejorar las técnicas de cría masiva es importante para reducir los costos de programas de control biológico y proveer enemigos naturales en periodos de alta demanda. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la idoneidad de huevos de Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), almacenados a 5 °C por varios periodos de tiempo, como hospederos de Trichogrammatoidea annulata (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) y nueve especies de Trichogramma (T. acacioi, T. atopovirilia, T. benneti, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. demoraesi, T. galloi, T. pretiosum, and T. soaresi). El experimento tuvo un diseño factorial con 10 especies de parasitoides, 9 periodos de almacenamiento (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 y 40 días; y no almacenamiento como control) y 20 réplicas, cada una consintiendo en un pedazo de cartón (0.4 × 2.0 cm) con 40.70 ± 0.03 huevos de A. kuehniella. Trichogrammatoidea annulata, T. acacioi, T. brasiliensis, T. bruni, T. pretiosum, y T. soaresi parasitaron huevos de A. kuehniella almacenados hasta 24 días; T. atopovirilia parasitó huevos almacenados hasta 16 días. Trichogramma demoraesi y T. benneti parasitaron huevos almacenados 16 días y T. galloi parasitó huevos almacenados hasta 13 días. El porcentaje de huevos parasitados disminuyo con incrementos al periodo de almacenamiento. Dentro de los parasitoides evaluados T. acacioi parasitó huevos almacenados por periodos más largos y presento los niveles de parasitismo y de emergencia de adultos más altos