Linkage disequilibrium in Brazilian Santa Inês breed, \u3ci\u3eOvis aries\u3c/i\u3e

For genomic selection to be successful, there must be sufficient linkage disequilibrium between the markers and the causal mutations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the extent of LD in ovine using the Santa Inês breed and to infer the minimum number of markers required to reach reasonable prediction accuracy. In total, 38,168 SNPs and 395 samples were used. The mean LD between adjacent marker pairs measured by r2 and |D′| were 0.166 and 0.617, respectively. LD values between adjacent marker pairs ranged from 0.135 to 0.194 and from 0.568 to 0.650 for r2 for |D′| across all chromosomes. The average r2 between all pairwise SNPs on each chromosome was 0.018. SNPs separated by between 0.10 to 0.20 Mb had an estimated average r2 equal to 0.1033. The identified haplotype blocks consisted of 2 to 21 markers. Moreover, estimates of average coefficients of inbreeding and effective population size were 0.04 and 96, respectively. LD estimated in this study was lower than that reported in other species and was characterized by short haplotype blocks. Our results suggest that the use of a higher density SNP panel is recommended for the implementation of genomic selection in the Santa Inês breed

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Eficiência alimentar em ovinos da raça Santa Inês sob abordagem genômica

The selection on genetic values predicted from markers could substantially increase the rate of genetic gain in animals by increasing accuracy of prediction and reducing generation interval, especially for difficult to measure traits, such as feed efficiency. Feed efficiency is the most important trait in animal production due to its impacts on cost of production and environmental factors. Many metrics measure the feed efficiency, such as ratio of gain to feed (FER), the ratio of feed to gain (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). Nevertheless, in ovine, no study with the aim of understand the genetic variants or the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for feed efficiency traits was published yet. Moreover, before to apply the genomic information, it is necessary to understand and characterized the population structure, for instance, by linkage disequilibrium (LD). Both genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) leverage LD between marker and causal mutation. Based on the above considerations, the aim of this study was to map LD in ovine, characterized by Brazilian Santa Inês sheep; to search genetic variants for feed efficiency traits (FER, FCR and RFI) through GWAS; and to verify the accuracy of GEBV for RFI. In total, 396 samples (animals) of Longissimus dorsi muscle were collect. A high-density panel of SNP (Illumina High-Density Ovine SNP BeadChip®) comprising 54,241 SNPs was used to obtain the genotyping data. The phenotype data was comprised of 387 animals. The average LD between adjacent markers for two LD metrics, r² and |D\'|, were 0.166 and 0.617, respectively. The degree of LD estimated was lower than reported in other species and it was characterized by short haplotype blocks. Consequently, for genomic analyses, high-density panels of marker are recommended. Many markers were associated to feed efficiency traits in GWAS, mainly to RFI trait. Few candidate genes were reported in this study, highlighting NRF-1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1), which controls mitochondrial biosynthesis, the most important process responsible by a great fraction of the produced energy. Finally, we verified the accuracy of GEBV for RFI using few Bayesian regression models, and we found low accuracy, ranging from 0.033 (BayesB with π=0.9912) to 0.036 (BayesA), which might be explained by the low relationship among animals and small training population.A seleção com base nos valores genéticos genômicos preditos pode aumentar substancialmente a taxa de ganho genético em animais por meio do aumento da acurácia de predição e redução do intervalo de gerações, especialmente para características de difícil e/ou onerosa mensuração, como eficiência alimentar. A eficiência alimentar é uma das características mais importantes na produção animal devido principalmente aos seus impactos econômicos e ambientais. Muitas métricas representam a eficiência alimentar, por exemplo: a relação do ganho de peso e consumo alimentar (EA), a proporção do consumo alimentar e ganho de peso (CA) e o consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Em ovinos, nenhum estudo com o objetivo de buscar variantes genéticas ou verificar a acurácia do valor genético genômico estimado para eficiência alimentar foi publicado. Adicionalmente, antes de aplicar a informação genômica, é necessário compreender e caracterizar a estrutura da população, como por meio do desequilíbrio de ligação (LD). O estudo de associação genômica (GWAS) e seleção genômica (GS) consideram o LD entre marcador e a mutação causal. Com base nas considerações acima, o objetivo deste estudo foi mapear o LD em ovinos, caracterizado pela raça ovina Santa Inês; localizar variantes genéticas para as características de eficiência alimentar (EA, CA e CAR) utilizando a abordagem GWAS; e verificar a acurácia da estimação dos valores genéticos genômico para o CAR. No total, foram coletadas 396 amostras (animais) do músculo Longissimus dorsi, para posterior genotipagem utilizando o painel de alta densidade (Illumina High-Density Ovine SNP BeadChip®), compreendendo 54.241 SNPs. O banco fenotípico é composto por 387 animais. O LD médio entre marcadores adjacentes para duas métricas de LD, r² e |D\'|, foram 0,166 e 0,617, respectivamente. O grau de LD estimado foi menor que o relatado em outras espécies e foi caracterizado por blocos de haplótipos curtos. Consequentemente, para as análises genômicas são recomendados painéis de marcadores de alta densidade. No GWAS, foram encontrados muitos marcadores associados aos fenótipos, em especial, à característica CAR. Alguns genes candidatos foram relatados neste estudo, destacando-se o NRF-1 (fator respiratório nuclear 1), que controla a biossíntese mitocondrial, o processo mais importante responsável por grande parte da produção de energia. Finalmente, verificamos a acurácia do valor genético genômico estimado para o CAR usando modelos de regressão Bayesiana, e encontramos baixos valores para acurácia (0,033 a 0,036) o que pode ser explicado pelo baixo grau de relacionamento entre os indivíduos e tamanho reduzido da população de treinamento

Genetic Architecture of Welfare Indicators and Implementation of Single-Step Genomic Predictions in Beef Cattle Populations

Breeding for improved animal welfare is paramount for increasing the long-term sustainability of the animal food industry. In this context, the main objectives of this dissertation were to understand the genetic and genomic background of welfare indicators in livestock and evaluate the feasibility of single-step Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (ssGBLUP) for performing genomic selection in beef cattle. This dissertation includes five studies. First, we aimed to test and identify an optimal ssGBLUP scenario for crossbreeding schemes. We simulated multiple populations differing based on the genetic background of the trait, and then we tested alternative models, such as multiple-trait weighted ssGBLUP. Even though more elaborated scenarios were evaluated, a single-trait ssGBLUP approach was recommended when genetic correlation across populations were higher than 0.70. The goal of the second study was to identify genomic regions controlling behavior traits that are conserved across livestock species. We systematically reviewed genomic regions associated with behavioral indicators in beef and dairy cattle, pigs, and sheep. The genomic regions identified in this study were located in genes previously reported controlling human behavioral, neural, and mental disorders. In the third study we used a large dataset (675,678 records) from North American Angus cattle to investigate the genetic background of temperament, a behavioral indicator, recorded on one-year-old calves, and provide the models and protocols for implementing genomic selection. We reported a heritability estimate equal to 0.38 for yearling temperament, and it was, in general, genetically favorably correlated with other productivity and fertility traits. Candidate genomic regions controlling yearling temperament were also identified. The fourth study was based on temperament recorded on North American Angus cows from 2 to 15 years of age (797,187 records). The goal was to understand the genetic and genomic background of temperament across the animal’s lifetime. By fitting a random regression model, we observed that temperament is highly genetically correlated across time. However, animals have differential learning and behavioral plasticity (LBP; changes of the phenotype overtime), although the LBP heritability is low. In our last study we evaluated foot scores (foot angle, FA; and claw set, CS) in American (US) and Australian (AU) Angus cattle aiming to assess the genetic and genomic background of foot scores and investigate the feasibility of performing an across-country genomic evaluation (~1.15 million animals genotyped). Foot scores are heritable (heritability from 0.22 to 0.27), and genotype-by-environment interaction was observed between US and AU Angus populations (genetic correlation equal to 0.61 for FA and 0.76 for CS). An across-country genomic prediction outperformed within-country evaluations in terms of predictivity ability (bias, dispersion, and validation accuracy) and theoretical accuracies. We have also identified genes associated with FA and CS previously reported in human’s bone structure and repair mechanism. In conclusion, this dissertation presents a comprehensive genetic and genomic characterization of welfare indicators (temperament and foot scores) in (inter)national livestock populations

Eficiência alimentar em ovinos da raça Santa Inês sob abordagem genômica

The selection on genetic values predicted from markers could substantially increase the rate of genetic gain in animals by increasing accuracy of prediction and reducing generation interval, especially for difficult to measure traits, such as feed efficiency. Feed efficiency is the most important trait in animal production due to its impacts on cost of production and environmental factors. Many metrics measure the feed efficiency, such as ratio of gain to feed (FER), the ratio of feed to gain (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). Nevertheless, in ovine, no study with the aim of understand the genetic variants or the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) for feed efficiency traits was published yet. Moreover, before to apply the genomic information, it is necessary to understand and characterized the population structure, for instance, by linkage disequilibrium (LD). Both genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genomic selection (GS) leverage LD between marker and causal mutation. Based on the above considerations, the aim of this study was to map LD in ovine, characterized by Brazilian Santa Inês sheep; to search genetic variants for feed efficiency traits (FER, FCR and RFI) through GWAS; and to verify the accuracy of GEBV for RFI. In total, 396 samples (animals) of Longissimus dorsi muscle were collect. A high-density panel of SNP (Illumina High-Density Ovine SNP BeadChip®) comprising 54,241 SNPs was used to obtain the genotyping data. The phenotype data was comprised of 387 animals. The average LD between adjacent markers for two LD metrics, r² and |D\'|, were 0.166 and 0.617, respectively. The degree of LD estimated was lower than reported in other species and it was characterized by short haplotype blocks. Consequently, for genomic analyses, high-density panels of marker are recommended. Many markers were associated to feed efficiency traits in GWAS, mainly to RFI trait. Few candidate genes were reported in this study, highlighting NRF-1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1), which controls mitochondrial biosynthesis, the most important process responsible by a great fraction of the produced energy. Finally, we verified the accuracy of GEBV for RFI using few Bayesian regression models, and we found low accuracy, ranging from 0.033 (BayesB with π=0.9912) to 0.036 (BayesA), which might be explained by the low relationship among animals and small training population.A seleção com base nos valores genéticos genômicos preditos pode aumentar substancialmente a taxa de ganho genético em animais por meio do aumento da acurácia de predição e redução do intervalo de gerações, especialmente para características de difícil e/ou onerosa mensuração, como eficiência alimentar. A eficiência alimentar é uma das características mais importantes na produção animal devido principalmente aos seus impactos econômicos e ambientais. Muitas métricas representam a eficiência alimentar, por exemplo: a relação do ganho de peso e consumo alimentar (EA), a proporção do consumo alimentar e ganho de peso (CA) e o consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Em ovinos, nenhum estudo com o objetivo de buscar variantes genéticas ou verificar a acurácia do valor genético genômico estimado para eficiência alimentar foi publicado. Adicionalmente, antes de aplicar a informação genômica, é necessário compreender e caracterizar a estrutura da população, como por meio do desequilíbrio de ligação (LD). O estudo de associação genômica (GWAS) e seleção genômica (GS) consideram o LD entre marcador e a mutação causal. Com base nas considerações acima, o objetivo deste estudo foi mapear o LD em ovinos, caracterizado pela raça ovina Santa Inês; localizar variantes genéticas para as características de eficiência alimentar (EA, CA e CAR) utilizando a abordagem GWAS; e verificar a acurácia da estimação dos valores genéticos genômico para o CAR. No total, foram coletadas 396 amostras (animais) do músculo Longissimus dorsi, para posterior genotipagem utilizando o painel de alta densidade (Illumina High-Density Ovine SNP BeadChip®), compreendendo 54.241 SNPs. O banco fenotípico é composto por 387 animais. O LD médio entre marcadores adjacentes para duas métricas de LD, r² e |D\'|, foram 0,166 e 0,617, respectivamente. O grau de LD estimado foi menor que o relatado em outras espécies e foi caracterizado por blocos de haplótipos curtos. Consequentemente, para as análises genômicas são recomendados painéis de marcadores de alta densidade. No GWAS, foram encontrados muitos marcadores associados aos fenótipos, em especial, à característica CAR. Alguns genes candidatos foram relatados neste estudo, destacando-se o NRF-1 (fator respiratório nuclear 1), que controla a biossíntese mitocondrial, o processo mais importante responsável por grande parte da produção de energia. Finalmente, verificamos a acurácia do valor genético genômico estimado para o CAR usando modelos de regressão Bayesiana, e encontramos baixos valores para acurácia (0,033 a 0,036) o que pode ser explicado pelo baixo grau de relacionamento entre os indivíduos e tamanho reduzido da população de treinamento

Linkage disequilibrium in Brazilian Santa Inês breed, \u3ci\u3eOvis aries\u3c/i\u3e

For genomic selection to be successful, there must be sufficient linkage disequilibrium between the markers and the causal mutations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the extent of LD in ovine using the Santa Inês breed and to infer the minimum number of markers required to reach reasonable prediction accuracy. In total, 38,168 SNPs and 395 samples were used. The mean LD between adjacent marker pairs measured by r2 and |D′| were 0.166 and 0.617, respectively. LD values between adjacent marker pairs ranged from 0.135 to 0.194 and from 0.568 to 0.650 for r2 for |D′| across all chromosomes. The average r2 between all pairwise SNPs on each chromosome was 0.018. SNPs separated by between 0.10 to 0.20 Mb had an estimated average r2 equal to 0.1033. The identified haplotype blocks consisted of 2 to 21 markers. Moreover, estimates of average coefficients of inbreeding and effective population size were 0.04 and 96, respectively. LD estimated in this study was lower than that reported in other species and was characterized by short haplotype blocks. Our results suggest that the use of a higher density SNP panel is recommended for the implementation of genomic selection in the Santa Inês breed

Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Traditional Artisanal Raw Milk Cheese from Southern Brazil: Diversity, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the primary pathogenic agents found in cheeses produced with raw milk. Some strains of S. aureus are enterotoxigenic, possessing the ability to produce toxins responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning when present in contaminated foods. This study aimed to genotypically characterize, assess the antimicrobial resistance profile, and examine the enterotoxigenic potential of strains of S. aureus isolated from artisanal colonial cheese. Additionally, a bacterial diversity assessment in the cheeses was conducted by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The metataxomic profile revealed the presence of 68 distinct species in the cheese samples. Fifty-seven isolates of S. aureus were identified, with highlighted resistance to penicillin in 33% of the isolates, followed by clindamycin (28%), erythromycin (26%), and tetracycline (23%). The evaluated strains also exhibited inducible resistance to clindamycin, with nine isolates considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). The agr type I was the most prevalent (62%) among the isolates, followed by agr type II (24%). Additionally, ten spa types were identified. Although no enterotoxins and their associated genes were detected in the samples and isolates, respectively, the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene (lukS-lukF) was found in 39% of the isolates. The presence of MDR pathogens in the artisanal raw milk cheese production chain underscores the need for quality management to prevent the contamination and dissemination of S. aureus strains

Visceral leishmaniasis in a Brazilian endemic area: an overview of occurrence, HIV coinfection and lethality

ABSTRACT The Brazilian municipality of Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso State, represents an important visceral leishmaniasis (VL) endemic area. This study described epidemiological and clinical aspects of the occurrence, VL/HIV coinfection and lethality related to VL in Rondonópolis. Data from autochthonous cases reported between 2011 and 2016 were obtained from official information systems. During this period, 81 autochthonous cases were reported, with decreasing incidence through 2016. Contrastingly, the lethality rate was 8.6% overall, but varied widely, reaching a peak (20%) in 2016. Almost 10% of patients had VL/HIVcoinfection. The occurrence of VL prevailed among men (56.8%), brown-skinned (49.4%), urban residents (92.6%), aged 0-4 years (33.3%). Housewives or retired (29.6%) were the most affected occupational groups. Lower age was the main difference among the total VL cases and those who were coinfected or died. Clinically, fever, weakness and splenomegaly were more frequent among all VL cases and VL/HIV coinfected individuals. Bacterial infections (p=0.001) and bleeding (p<0.001) were associated with death due to VL. Pentavalent antimonial and liposomal amphotericin B were the first choices for treatment among all VL cases (71.6%) and those who died (71.4%), respectively. VL/HIV patients were equally treated with both drugs. These findings may support control measures and demonstrate the need for further investigations