A randomized clinical trial compared the effect of intra-alveolar 0.2 % Chlorohexidine bio-adhesive gel versus 0.12% Chlorohexidine rinse in reducing alveolar osteitis following molar teeth extractions

Objectives: To evaluate socket healing, incidence of acute alveolar ostieitis (AO) and associated pain following single molar tooth extraction in patients who receive intra-alveolar 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and those who rinsed with 0.12 % CHX rinse. Study Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted on two parallel groups of patients. Group1 (141 patients): Rinsed with 0.12 % CHX rinse from the second postoperative day, two times daily for a week. Group2 (160 patients): Who had direct intra-alveolar application of 0.2% CHX gel and day 3 post-operatively. The socket was evaluated 3 and 7 day postoperatively for the presence of AO by checking probing tenderness in the socket, empty socket, food debris, halitosis and pain assessment by VAS. Results: Forty-eight AO cases were diagnosed out of 301 extractions (15.9%). In Group1, 25 cases were found (17.7%) while 23 cases were found in Group2 (14.4%). The difference was not statistically significant ( p =0.428). Presence of empty socket and food debris in Group1 were higher than in Group2 but the difference was not sta - tistically significant ( p = 0.390 & p = 0.415). Occurrence of halitosis in Group2 was more than Group1, but the difference was not significant ( p = 0.440). Statistical significance was found between AO in extraction done by root separation (29%) and those routinely extracted (12.3 %) ( p =0.001). Conclusions: Postoperative evaluation of molar extraction sockets that received direct intra-alveolar application of 0.2% CHX gel showed insignificant less occurrence of AO when compared with 0.12 % CHX rins

Organizational Frames and Digital Citizenship in Saudi Arabia Schools

In the school organizational setting, various frames play integral roles in facilitating a streamlined management of the learning activities. Notably, education organizations depend on the collaborative efforts of different departments that facilitate the delivery of quality learning experiences. The main frames applicable in the school organizational environment incorporate the aspects of the structure, human resources (HR), politics, and the symbol of the institution. Thus, enhance the efficiency of the mentioned frames goes a long way in promoting the realization of the educational facility’s goals and objectives (Hamdan, n.d.). The education system in Saudi Arabia seeks to ensure that all schools in the country integrate the structural, HR, political, and the symbolic frames. In the era of modern technological changes, the education sector is prompted to adopt the advancements to enhance learning experiences. The trend has led to the development of digital citizenship in the education sector (Manning, 2013). Nonetheless, the structural frame in the Saudi Arabia school system has demonstrated progress towards the adoption of technology primarily, through the embracement of digital communication systems. The HR frame has also witnessed considerable improvements in online recruitment processes by using multiple and different online platforms for advertising vacant positions among other processes. The symbolic and political frames have also witnessed changes influenced by technology in the school setting. However, some education organizations in Saudi Arabia have failed to address or promote digital citizenship in the school setting. Obviously, both the teaching staff and students in Saudi Arabia have put in place little effort in embracing technology in the learning processes, and thus, made small steps towards joining the digital citizenship community. Notably, school organizations in Saudi Arabia observing the K-12 classroom system lacks technology vision statements to guide the various activities of the institution towards with respect to the digital trends in the sector (Alrashidi & Phan, 2015). For these reasons, this paper examines the problem of failing to address and promote digital citizenship in the Saudi Arabia educational environment by considering the structural, HR, political, and symbolic frames

The Extent of Comprehension and Knowledge with Respect to Digital Citizenship Among Middle Eastern and US students at UNC

Digital technologies have revolutionized the way people acquire information and gain new knowledge. With a click or touch on the screen, anybody who is online can sail in the digital world and accomplish many things.  As such, the optimal use of information and communication technology involves user comprehension, knowledge, and awareness of positive digital citizenship.  The purpose of this study was to examine the scope of knowledge and understanding about digital citizenship among Middle Eastern and US students at the University of Northern Colorado. It also examines the difference among Middle Eastern and US students at the University of Northern Colorado in three categories: respect, education and protection. The study was based on a questionnaire that was distributed to 51 students at the University of Northern Colorado. The result reveals that there was not a significant difference between Middle Eastern and US students at the University of Northern Colorado in term of digital citizenship awareness. This study recommends examining other variables that may affect on digital citizenship. Keywords: Digital citizenship, awareness, respect, educate, protect, Middle East.

The Extent of Comprehension and Knowledge with Respect to Digital Citizenship Among Saudi Arabia Teachers

This study aimed at exploring the extent of comprehension and knowledge of digital citizenship among Saudi Arabia teachers. A mixed methods research design was chosen for this study in order to identify the scope and perceptions of digital citizenship awareness among Saudi Arabia teachers based on Ribble’s characterization of respect, educate, and protect and the concurrent triangulation research design to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. Specifically, this study focused on investigating how demographic characteristics such as gender, grade level of teaching, and years of experience could influence the perceptions of Saudi teachers with regard to digital citizenship awareness through the semi-structured interviews and an online survey to gather qualitative and quantitative information. Interview results demonstrated teachers’ perceptions of digital citizenship and awareness of such factors as respect, educate, and protect according to Ribble’s categorization. Four male teachers answered the questions about their knowledge of digital citizenship. There were also statistically significant findings on digital citizenship and the importance of such factors as gender, the years of experience, and the grade level of teaching. The answers of teachers helped to reach statistical significance on the level of digital citizenship awareness for Saudi Arabia teachers. Several recommendations on how digital citizenship awareness could be improved and what steps could be taken in future research were given and properly explained

An incremental hybrid adaptive network-based IDS in Software Defined Networks to detect stealth attacks

Network attacks have became increasingly more sophisticated and stealthy due to the advances in technologies and the growing sophistication of attackers. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are a type of attack that implement a wide range of strategies to evade detection and be under the defence radar. Software Defined Network (SDN) is a network paradigm that implements dynamic configuration by separating the control plane from the network plane. This approach improves security aspects by facilitating the employment of network intrusion detection systems. Implementing Machine Learning (ML) techniques in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) is widely used to detect such attacks but has a challenge when the data distribution changes. Concept drift is a term that describes the change in the relationship between the input data and the target value (label or class). The model is expected to degrade as certain forms of change occur. In this paper, the primary form of change will be in user behaviour (particularly changes in attacker behaviour). It is essential for a model to adapt itself to deviations in data distribution. SDN can help in monitoring changes in data distribution. This paper discusses changes in stealth attacker behaviour. The work described here investigates various concept drift detection algorithms. An incremental hybrid adaptive Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is proposed to tackle the issue of concept drift in SDN. It can detect known and unknown attacks. The model is evaluated over different datasets showing promising results

Underuse of Pragmatic Markers among Non-native English Speakers: Causes and Suggestions for Interventions

Pragmatic markers (PMs)—those optional markers used in conversations to facilitate communication—have been gaining attention among researchers in the field of pragmatics in the past three decades or so. Proper use of PMs contributes to the success of any interaction in real-life conversations. However, they are often underused by non-native English speakers (NNSs). This paper critically reviews the existing research literature to investigate the causes of the underuse of PMs among NNSs, focusing on linguistic and extralinguistic factors that might contribute to the limited use of PMs. The findings of this study show that the distinctive nature of pragmatic development in the first and second languages, lack of instructions on PMs, limited exposure to the target language, and the NNSs\u27 level of proficiency are the main linguistic issues that arise during pragmatic development. Gender and age, as non-linguistic factors, also limit the use of PMs. These findings suggest that linguistic and extralinguistic factors constrain the use of PMs in NNSs’ speech. Based on the findings, suggestions for interventions are offered for language educators to better integrate PM use in ESL/EFL teaching

0E2FA: Zero Effort Two-Factor Authentication

Smart devices (mobile devices, laptops, tablets, etc.) can receive signals from different radio frequency devices that are within range. As these devices move between networks (e.g., Wi-Fi hotspots, cellphone towers, etc.), they receive broadcast messages from access points, some of which can be used to collect useful information. This information can be utilized in a variety of ways, such as to establish a connection, to share information, to locate devices, and to identify users, which is central to this dissertation. The principal benefit of a broadcast message is that smart devices can read and process the embedded information without first being connected to the corresponding network. Moreover, broadcast messages can be received only within the range of the wireless access point that sends the broadcast, thus inherently limiting access to only those devices in close physical proximity, which may facilitate many applications that are dependent on proximity. In our research, we utilize data contained in these broadcast messages to implement a two-factor authentication (2FA) system that, unlike existing methods, does not require any extra effort on the part of the users of the system. By determining if two devices are in the same physical location and sufficiently close to each other, we can ensure that they belong to the same user. This system depends on something that a user knows, something that a user owns, and—a significant contribution of this work—something that is in the user’s environment