The Influence of Space Standards on Housing Typologies: The Evolution of the Nuclear Family Dwelling in England

This article explores the evolution of dwelling typologies in London, examining how regulations and standards have transformed housing layouts and indirectly informed personal and social interactions at home. Housing policy of the past century, as reflected through space standards, type plans, housing manuals, and reports, reveal a socio-political agenda of promoting nuclear family dwellings, traditionally a household of parents and their children. This article contributes to this discussion by exploring the contextual drivers, spatial reasoning, and evidence underpinning the decisions of housing reports such as the Tudor Walters Report (1918), the Dudley Report (1944), and the Parker Morris Report (1961). Changes in household structures can be seen through regulations: from multiple families sharing a house, to the separation of individual families into single homes, to prioritising the individual over the family unit. This article analyses how five historical moments in which typological shifts promoted nuclear family dwellings that have determined spatial hierarchies and family dynamics around cooking, eating, and socialising. Similarly, societal shifts in housing expectations, such as the changing perceptions of social status symbols, privacy, gender roles, and household dynamics have contributed to the spatial arrangement and layout of homes. By shedding light on the socio-technical transformations, this research highlights the need for innovative design solutions and evidence-based space standards to meet contemporary needs

Ultrastructure Expansion Microscopy (U-ExM) in Trypanosoma cruzi: localization of tubulin isoforms and isotypes

Ultrastructure Expansion Microscopy (U-ExM) is a recently developed technique that enables the increase of the spatial resolution within a cell or a tissue for microscopic imaging by physically expanding the sample. For the first time, I report a detailed protocol validating the use of U-ExM in Trypanosoma cruzi and quantifying the expansion factors of different subcellular compartments. I was able to determine the localization patterns of different tubulin isoforms, such as α-tubulin and β-tubulin. Also, I immunolocalized acetylated and tyrosinated α-tubulin isotypes in epimastigotes and use mitochondrial cell-permeable dyes to identify this organelle. Finally, U-ExM was also performed in trypomastigotes and amastigotes validating this technique in all life cycle stages of T. cruzi.Fil: Alonso, Victoria Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin

Construction of three new Gateway® expression plasmids for Trypanosoma cruzi

We present here three expression plasmids for Trypanosoma cruzi adapted to the Gateway® recombination cloning system. Two of these plasmids were designed to express trypanosomal proteins fused to a double tag for tandem affinity purification (TAPtag). The TAPtag and Gateway® cassette were introduced into an episomal (pTEX) and an integrative (pTREX) plasmid. Both plasmids were assayed by introducing green fluorescent protein (GFP) by recombination and the integrity of the double-tagged protein was determined by western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. The third Gateway adapted vector assayed was the inducible pTcINDEX. When tested with GFP, pTcINDEX-GW showed a good response to tetracycline, being less leaky than its precursor (pTcINDEX).Fil: Alonso, Victoria Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmaceuticas. Departamento de Microbiología; ArgentinaFil: Ritagliati, Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Cribb, Pamela. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmaceuticas. Departamento de Microbiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Serra, Esteban Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentin

Discusiones epistemológicas en torno a la cientificidad de la Archivología

This research is based on the premise that the strategies raised in defending the scientific status of the archival science are poorly made. It will not reach a status of science through the strategies of establishing paradigms, an object, a method, a purpose and a terminological consensus inside the field. But its scientific must be based before in the expansion of its theoretical and methodological elements. The archival discipline in their aspirations of clarify their scientific claims is immersed in ongoing epistemological debate. Under these debate is that has sought to apply the classical models of the philosophy of science emerged in the 20th century, such as the models of the Vienna Circle, Feyerabend, Lakatos, Popper, Kuhn, etc Among These studies, are stand out the efforts made by the authors, to consolidate the scientific discipline from the model of Thomas S. Kuhn. These positions, developed inside the field, are discussed in the present investigation So, is presented the discussion in lathe to the question about whether the establishment of paradigms, object, method and purpose, and a terminological consensus of the archival discipline, is essential to clarify their scientific claims. For this, it carries out a brief historical review of the evolution of the field, and a review of the literature on the different existing positions within the discipline, when it comes to substantiate its scientific status. Identifying three main argumentative lines: the identification of the archival discipline paradigms; the establishment of the method, the object and purpose; and the terminology within the archival discipline. Of the issues raised above, is that, the majority positions within the archival discipline, subscribe to the idea that it is imperative to establish some of the three aforementioned argumentative lines to consolidate itself as a science. Therefore the basis of epistemological analysis of this work is to use some of the arguments provided by Thomas S. Kuhn, in order to identify and elucidate the problems that take place within the archival discipline, when implementing its claims of scientific. Finally, it is considered that the establishment of paradigms, an object, a method and a purpose, as well as terminological consensus within the discipline, is not necessary to determine the scientific area. At the same time, it means wrong to resort to philosophical models to clarify the scientific status of the discipline, as sciences that have been consolidated, have not done so using these strategies, but by the establishment of a successful tradition of solving problems

Optimization of the diffraction efficiency in photorefractive crystals

The aim of this work is to study and to optimize the diffraction efficiency in sillenite BTO crystals. A theoretical analysis, where the effects of coupling beams are significant,is carried on. In addition, non-mobile transmission gratings are considered. The diffraction efficiency is obtained by using the coupled wave equations in on-Bragg regime using Method Runge-Kutta of order 4 in Matlab. Also, the non-uniformity of the gratings in side the crystal sample, the optical activity of the material and the polarization of the recording beams are taken into account.Fil: Villamizar Amado, Astrid Lorena. Universidad de Pamplona; Colombia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Arias Hernández, Néstor Alonso. Universidad de Pamplona; ColombiaFil: Molina Prado, Martha Lucia. Universidad de Pamplona; Colombia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Tebaldi, Myriam Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas; Argentin

Medida de la distorsión de la luz en la lente multifocal Clareon PanOptix

Medicin

Icons of the Past: Stories about children born of violence in the Guatemalan and Peruvian Truth Commissions

This dissertation examines the stories about children born of violence that were told by victims and survivors during the gathering of testimonies of sexual violence against women for the truth commissions in Guatemala and Peru. The truth commissions used the stories about children born of violence to reinforce their narratives on sexual violence. In doing so, children born of violence became proof of the violence against their mothers, their families and their communities. Children born of violence became essential pieces of evidence in proving their mother's victimhood and claims of justice. The rest of their stories told in the truth commission setting did not appear in the final reports and were left behind in the archive. This is significant as until now little is known about these children. The accurate number of war babies born in the world is unknown due to secrecy and silence around them. Guatemala and Peru are not an exception. The analysis of the stories about children born of violence challenge our social understanding of justice, reconciliation, recognition, family, love, trauma and suffering, as well as the general legacies of the violence. The dissertation analyses the stories about children born of violence that are in the testimonies and documents from the truth commission's archives and in the final reports from the truth commissions. These stories about children born of violence in the testimonies have the potential and power to be counter-narratives. The stories about children born of violence that were left in the truth commission's archive were the ones that did not reinforce their mothers' victimhood. In leaving these stories, the dominant narratives on children born of violence promoted by truth commissions are constructed as something undesirable, a negative long-lasting legacy for the mothers, the community and the nation. Therefore, the truth commission became the place where master narratives reinforced injustice to these children. The stories and documents gathered by the truth commission were analysed through documentary and archival research. The analysis showed that the stories and documents proving the rapes and children born afterwards also provided evidence about the contestation over the identity and political belonging of these children (born of violence) by their mothers, family, community, and state but also by themselves. The contestation over the identities of children born of violence takes place, in this dissertation, in their names, paternity and legitimacy. The contested political belonging of children born of violence highlights that the political function of these children is not only in reflecting about the trauma of war, but rests in their unique political status contributing to a wider understanding of accountability and justice. The relevance of the dissertation's argument is clear: we must create a space where children born of violence can tell their stories and contest any attempt to simplify and homogenize their stories and injustices by truth commissions and several other mechanisms of transitional justice. Children born of violence have an important role in the construction and contestation about the memory of conflict and efforts of peacebuilding due to their unique political status

Home use and experience during COVID-19 in London: Problems of housing quality and design

COVID-19 lockdowns led to a reassessment of housing conditions and created greater awareness of their impact on wellbeing and inequalities. Changes in home use and lived experience during the pandemic were studied through a survey of London residents (n = 1250) in 2021, focusing on issues of housing design, perceptions of housing quality, and future housing expectations. The survey found that a quarter of all dwellings and at least one room in a third of homes were deemed too small and failing to meet the needs of occupants. Renters with a shortage of space and poorly maintained or designed homes suffered most. A total of 37.9% of respondents reported that their wellbeing was affected by housing conditions. While for well-designed homes aspects of dwelling size were considered the highest priority, dwelling layout, usability, adaptability, and flexibility were equally key concerns. However, how problems of housing design, quality, and size are understood often depends on highly individual experiences and expectations. By highlighting the importance of lived experience, the pandemic shows the limitations of current, normative design standards. Future space standards need greater flexibility in the distribution of floor areas and should consider a wider range of home uses to ensure more equitable and long-term housing provision

Overexpression of Cytoplasmic TcSIR2RP1 and Mitochondrial TcSIR2RP3 Impacts on Trypanosoma cruzi Growth and Cell Invasion

Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan pathogen responsible for Chagas disease. Current therapies are inadequate because of their severe host toxicity and numerous side effects. The identification of new biotargets is essential for the development of more efficient therapeutic alternatives. Inhibition of sirtuins from Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania ssp. showed promising results, indicating that these enzymes may be considered as targets for drug discovery in parasite infection. Here, we report the first characterization of the two sirtuins present in T. cruzi. Methodology: Dm28c epimastigotes that inducibly overexpress TcSIR2RP1 and TcSIR2RP3 were constructed and used to determine their localizations and functions. These transfected lines were tested regarding their acetylation levels, proliferation and metacyclogenesis rate, viability when treated with sirtuin inhibitors and in vitro infectivity. Conclusion: TcSIR2RP1 and TcSIR2RP3 are cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins respectively. Our data suggest that sirtuin activity is important for the proliferation of T. cruzi replicative forms, for the host cell-parasite interplay, and for differentiation among life-cycle stages; but each one performs different roles in most of these processes. Our results increase the knowledge on the localization and function of these enzymes, and the overexpressing T. cruzi strains we obtained can be useful tools for experimental screening of trypanosomatid sirtuin inhibitors.Fil: Ritagliati, Carla. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Alonso, Victoria Lucia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Manarin, Romina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cribb, Pamela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Serra, Esteban Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; Argentin