Advancements and Challenges in IoT Simulators: A Comprehensive Review

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as an important concept, bridging the physical and digital worlds through interconnected devices. Although the idea of interconnected devices predates the term “Internet of Things”, which was coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, the vision of a seamlessly integrated world of devices has been accelerated by advancements in wireless technologies, cost-effective computing, and the ubiquity of mobile devices. This study aims to provide an in-depth review of existing and emerging IoT simulators focusing on their capabilities and real-world applications, and discuss the current challenges and future trends in the IoT simulation area. Despite substantial research in the IoT simulation domain, many studies have a narrow focus, leaving a gap in comprehensive reviews that consider broader IoT development metrics, such as device mobility, energy models, Software-Defined Networking (SDN), and scalability. Notably, there is a lack of literature examining IoT simulators’ capabilities in supporting renewable energy sources and their integration with Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulations. Our review seeks to address this gap, evaluating the ability of IoT simulators to simulate complex, large-scale IoT scenarios and meet specific developmental requirements, as well as examining the current challenges and future trends in the field of IoT simulation. Our systematic analysis has identified several significant gaps in the current literature. A primary concern is the lack of a generic simulator capable of effectively simulating various scenarios across different domains within the IoT environment. As a result, a comprehensive and versatile simulator is required to simulate the diverse scenarios occurring in IoT applications. Additionally, there is a notable gap in simulators that address specific security concerns, particularly battery depletion attacks, which are increasingly relevant in IoT systems. Furthermore, there is a need for further investigation and study regarding the integration of IoT simulators with traffic simulation for VANET environments. In addition, it is noteworthy that renewable energy sources are underrepresented in IoT simulations, despite an increasing global emphasis on environmental sustainability. As a result of these identified gaps, it is imperative to develop more advanced and adaptable IoT simulation tools that are designed to meet the multifaceted challenges and opportunities of the IoT domain

Platelet Counts and Risk of Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Bayesian Model-Averaged Meta-Analysis

Background: We aimed to conduct a systematic review and Bayesian model-averaged meta-analysis (BMA) on the association between platelet counts and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: We searched for studies reporting on platelet counts (continuous variable) or thrombocytopenia (categorical variable) and severe ROP or aggressive posterior ROP (APROP). The timing of platelet counts was divided into Phase 1 (<2 weeks) and Phase 2 (around ROP treatment). BMA was used to calculate Bayes factors (BFs). The BF10 is the ratio of the probability of the data under the alternative hypothesis (H1) over the probability of the data under the null hypothesis (H0). Results: We included 21 studies. BMA showed an association between low platelet counts and severe ROP. The evidence was strong (BF10 = 13.5, 7 studies) for phase 1 and very strong (BF10 = 51.0, 9 studies) for phase 2. Thrombocytopenia (<100 × 109/L) in phase 2 was associated with severe ROP (BF10 = 28.2, 4 studies). Following adjustment for publication bias, only the association of severe ROP with thrombocytopenia remained with moderate evidence in favor of H1 (BF10 = 4.30). Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe ROP. However, the evidence for this association was tempered when results were adjusted for publication bias

Isotretinoin musculoskeletal side effects: a systematic review

This study aimed to investigate musculoskeletal complications secondary to isotretinoin use. A systematic review was conducted, and a total of 49 studies, including analytical studies, case reports, and case series, were included in the analysis. The studies examined musculoskeletal symptoms, diagnostic findings, and treatment approaches associated with isotretinoin use. Musculoskeletal symptoms reported in the studies included lethargy, myalgia, low back pain, arthralgia, tendinopathy, and sacroiliitis. Physical examination findings and radiological findings were used to confirm the diagnoses. Treatment approaches ranged from [non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)] to discontinuation of isotretinoin. Some studies have explored the impact of isotretinoin dosage, treatment duration, and vitamin levels on musculoskeletal symptoms. Isotretinoin-induced sacroiliitis and [diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)] emerged as notable musculoskeletal complications. The findings highlight the importance of monitoring patients for potential musculoskeletal side effects and implementing appropriate interventions

New 1,2,3-Triazole/1,2,4-triazole Hybrids as Aromatase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Apoptotic Antiproliferative Activity

A novel series of 1,2,3-triazole/1,2,4-triazole hybrids 5a, 5b, and 6a–i was designed and synthesized as antiproliferative agents targeting aromatase enzymes. The antiproliferative activity of the new hybrids against four cancer cells was studied using Erlotinib as a control. Compounds 6a and 6b demonstrated the highest antiproliferative activity among these hybrids, with GI50 values of 40 nM and 35 nM, respectively. Compound 6b was the most potent derivative, with a GI50 of 35 nM, comparable to Erlotinib’s GI50 of 33 nM. Compound 6b inhibited all cancer cell lines with comparable efficacy to Erlotinib. Compounds 5a, 5b, and 6a–i were tested for inhibitory action against aromatase as a potential target for their antiproliferative activity. Results revealed that compounds 6a and 6b were the most potent aromatase inhibitors, with IC50 values of 0.12 ± 0.01 µM and 0.09 ± 0.01 µM, respectively, being more potent than the reference Ketoconazole (IC50 = 2.6 ± 0.20 µM) but less potent than Letrozole (IC50 = 0.002 ± 0.0002). These findings indicated that compounds 6a and 6b had significant aromatase inhibitory action and are potential antiproliferative candidates. The findings were further linked to molecular docking investigations, which gave models of strong interactions with the aromatase domain for inhibitors with high binding scores

Human germ/stem cell-specific gene TEX19 influences cancer cell proliferation and cancer prognosis

Table of cancer data sets analyzed. (DOCX 14 kb

Management of Major Trauma and the Role of Interventional Radiology

This study aimed at exploring the management of major trauma and analyzing the role of interventional radiology for major trauma patients. As there are no prospective randomized controlled trials of interventional radiology in major trauma. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the evidence supporting the use of interventional radiological techniques in the management of major trauma. The study concluded that interventional radiology has become an essential part of the modern trauma unit. Roles in pelvic haemorrhage and aortic injury are now well established and have contributed to improving patient survival and reducing long-term morbidity

Asymmetric Oxidation of Enol Derivatives to α-Alkoxy Carbonyls Using Iminium Salt Catalysts: A Synthetic and Computational Study

We report herein the first examples of asymmetric oxidation of enol ether and ester substrates using iminium salt organocatalysis, affording moderate to excellent enantioselectivities of up to 98% ee for tetralone-derived substrates in the α-hydroxyketone products. A comprehensive density functional theory study was undertaken to interpret the competing diastereoisomeric transition states in this example in order to identify the origins of enantioselectivity. The calculations, performed at the B3LYP/6-31G(D) level of theory, gave good agreement with the experimental results, in terms of the magnitude of the effects under the specified reaction conditions, and in terms of the preferential formation of the (R)-enantiomer. Just one of the 30 characterized transition states dominates the enantioselectivity, which is attributed to the adoption of an orientation relative to stereochemical features of the chiral controlling element that combines a CH interaction between a CH 2 group in the substrate and one of the aromatic rings of the biaryl section of the chiral auxiliary with a good alignment of the acetoxy group with the other biaryl ring, and places the smallest substituent on the alkene (a hydrogen atom) in the most sterically hindered position

Probing correlations in the exciton landscape of a moir\'e heterostructure

Excitons are two-particle correlated bound states that are formed due to Coulomb interaction between single-particle holes and electrons. In the solid-state, cooperative interactions with surrounding quasiparticles can strongly tailor the exciton properties and potentially even create new correlated states of matter. It is thus highly desirable to access such cooperative and correlated exciton behavior on a fundamental level. Here, we find that the ultrafast transfer of an exciton's hole across a type-II band-aligned moir\'e heterostructure leads to a surprising sub-200-fs upshift of the single-particle energy of the electron being photoemitted from the two-particle exciton state. While energy relaxation usually leads to an energetic downshift of the spectroscopic signature, we show that this unusual upshift is a clear fingerprint of the correlated interactions of the electron and hole parts of the exciton quasiparticle. In this way, time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is straightforwardly established as a powerful method to access exciton correlations and cooperative behavior in two-dimensional quantum materials. Our work highlights this new capability and motivates the future study of optically inaccessible correlated excitonic and electronic states in moir\'e heterostructures.Comment: 32 pages, 4 main figures, 5 supplemental figure

Formation of moir\ue9 interlayer excitons in space and time

Moir\ue9 superlattices in atomically thin van der Waals heterostructures hold great promise for extended control of electronic and valleytronic lifetimes1-7, the confinement of excitons in artificial moir\ue9 lattices8-13 and the formation of exotic quantum phases14-18. Such moir\ue9-induced emergent phenomena are particularly strong for interlayer excitons, where the hole and the electron are localized in different layers of the heterostructure19,20. To exploit the full potential of correlated moir\ue9 and exciton physics, a thorough understanding of the ultrafast interlayer exciton formation process and the real-space wavefunction confinement is indispensable. Here we show that femtosecond photoemission momentum microscopy provides quantitative access to these key properties of the moir\ue9 interlayer excitons. First, we elucidate that interlayer excitons are dominantly formed through femtosecond exciton-phonon scattering and subsequent charge transfer\ua0at the interlayer-hybridized Σ valleys. Second, we show that interlayer excitons exhibit a momentum fingerprint that is a direct hallmark of the superlattice moir\ue9 modification. Third, we reconstruct the wavefunction distribution of the electronic part of the exciton and compare the size with the real-space moir\ue9 superlattice. Our work provides direct access to interlayer exciton formation dynamics in space and time and reveals opportunities to study correlated moir\ue9 and exciton physics for the future realization of exotic quantum phases of matter

Ultrafast dynamics of bright and dark excitons in monolayer WSe2_2 and heterobilayer WSe2_2/MoS2_2

The energy landscape of optical excitations in mono- and few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is dominated by optically bright and dark excitons. These excitons can be fully localized within a single TMD layer, or the electron- and the hole-component of the exciton can be charge-separated over multiple TMD layers. Such intra- or interlayer excitons have been characterized in detail using all-optical spectroscopies, and, more recently, photoemission spectroscopy. In addition, there are so-called hybrid excitons whose electron- and/or hole-component are delocalized over two or more TMD layers, and therefore provide a promising pathway to mediate charge-transfer processes across the TMD interface. Hence, an in-situ characterization of their energy landscape and dynamics is of vital interest. In this work, using femtosecond momentum microscopy combined with many-particle modeling, we quantitatively compare the dynamics of momentum-indirect intralayer excitons in monolayer WSe$_2$ with the dynamics of momentum-indirect hybrid excitons in heterobilayer WSe$_2$/MoS$_2$, and draw three key conclusions: First, we find that the energy of hybrid excitons is reduced when compared to excitons with pure intralayer character. Second, we show that the momentum-indirect intralayer and hybrid excitons are formed via exciton-phonon scattering from optically excited bright excitons. And third, we demonstrate that the efficiency for phonon absorption and emission processes in the mono- and the heterobilayer is strongly dependent on the energy alignment of the intralayer and hybrid excitons with respect to the optically excited bright exciton. Overall, our work provides microscopic insights into exciton dynamics in TMD mono- and bilayers.Comment: 27 pages, 5 figure