A Collaborative Analysis of Individual Participant Data from 19 Prospective Studies Assesses Circulating Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer Risk.

Previous prospective studies assessing the relationship between circulating concentrations of vitamin D and prostate cancer risk have shown inconclusive results, particularly for risk of aggressive disease. In this study, we examine the association between prediagnostic concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and the risk of prostate cancer overall and by tumor characteristics. Principal investigators of 19 prospective studies provided individual participant data on circulating 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D for up to 13,462 men with incident prostate cancer and 20,261 control participants. ORs for prostate cancer by study-specific fifths of season-standardized vitamin D concentration were estimated using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression. 25(OH)D concentration was positively associated with risk for total prostate cancer (multivariable-adjusted OR comparing highest vs. lowest study-specific fifth was 1.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.31; P trend < 0.001). However, this association varied by disease aggressiveness (P heterogeneity = 0.014); higher circulating 25(OH)D was associated with a higher risk of nonaggressive disease (OR per 80 percentile increase = 1.24, 1.13-1.36) but not with aggressive disease (defined as stage 4, metastases, or prostate cancer death, 0.95, 0.78-1.15). 1,25(OH)2D concentration was not associated with risk for prostate cancer overall or by tumor characteristics. The absence of an association of vitamin D with aggressive disease does not support the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency increases prostate cancer risk. Rather, the association of high circulating 25(OH)D concentration with a higher risk of nonaggressive prostate cancer may be influenced by detection bias. SIGNIFICANCE: This international collaboration comprises the largest prospective study on blood vitamin D and prostate cancer risk and shows no association with aggressive disease but some evidence of a higher risk of nonaggressive disease

Sociology : Women, Men and Society

St. Paulviii, 608 p.: illus.; 25 c

Role Outlook Study, 1964-1975

The purpose of this study was to follow the career plans and development of female college students. The study focused on students' yearly impressions of college, the development of their aspirations for after college, and influences that encouraged or inhibited career plans. Data were collected in a four-wave panel study from 1964-1968. The original class consisted of 188 first-year female students, 58% of whom remained at the college for all four years. Of the continuing four-year group, 87 students participated in all phases of the panel study. Each fall the sample of 87 women filled out questionnaires, including a few open-ended questions. Each spring a different subsample was interviewed, except during their senior year, when all 87 women were interviewed. Questionnaires and interviews charted patterns of choice and change of attitudes toward major, college life, life difficulties and satisfactions, hopes for graduate school, work motivation and preference, pursuing a career during child-rearing years, their parents, child care, marriage, and domestic division of labor. In 1975, the 64 participants for whom addresses could be obtained were mailed a follow-up questionnaire that assessed post-college education and job history, family characteristics, lifestyle features, the extent to which aspirations had been fulfilled, and aspirations for the future. The Murray Research Archive has numeric data files from this study