Elaboração de um manual de experimentos de bioquímica para professores do ensino médio

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Programa de Pós-graduação stricto sensu em Ensino de Biologia em Rede Nacional, Mestrado Profissional em Ensino de Biologia, 2020.A metodologia tradicional de ensino, em que o professor expõe o tema e o aluno é um mero ouvinte, tem sido questionada quanto a conduzir a uma aprendizagem efetiva. Nesse contexto, os resultados apresentados na literatura apontam a abordagem prática dos conteúdos integrada à teoria como uma estratégia que contribui para tornar os processos de ensino e de aprendizagem mais eficazes. Muitas são as barreiras que inviabilizam a inserção de atividades experimentais na rotina pedagógica; em particular, a indisponibilidade de tempo para o professor para buscar informações e planejar aulas experimentais. Com base nessas ponderações, elaboramos um manual de experimentos de Bioquímica para dar subsídios a professores do Ensino Médio da Rede Pública no planejamento, organização e execução de experimentos de Bioquímica. O “Currículo em Movimento da Educação Básica do DF – Ensino Médio” da Secretaria de Estado de Educação do DF foi utilizado como referência para buscar o conteúdo de Bioquímica a ser abordado no Manual. Os critérios para seleção dos experimentos foram: contemplar os conteúdos de Fotossíntese, Fermentação e Enzimas estudados no Ensino Médio, ser possível de executar em 1 hora/aula ou poder ser realizado em etapas passíveis de interrupção (permitindo a retomada em outras aulas) e utilizar materiais disponíveis na escola ou de fácil aquisição e de baixo custo. O Manual, “batizado” com o nome “Com as Mãos na Massa”, foi organizado em três capítulos: No capítulo 1 são apresentadas regras gerais de segurança no “Espaço Laboratório”. O capítulo 2 apresenta uma breve introdução sobre aulas práticas e o ensino de Biologia/Bioquímica e a abordagem experimental, considerando características do ensino investigativo e a base teórica referente aos temas dos experimentos apresentados no manual: fotossíntese, fermentação e enzimas. O capítulo 3 apresenta orientações para a realização de atividades experimentais, o fluxograma de organização dos experimentos e os experimentos, sendo 6 de fotossíntese, 5 de fermentação e 4 de enzimas. O Manual foi avaliado por 22 professores de Biologia do Ensino Médio que lecionam em escolas públicas do DF, sendo que desses 18 são (ou foram) discentes do Mestrado Profissional em Ensino de Biologia em Rede Nacional (PROFBIO) da UnB. Esses professores receberam, em formato digital, o manual e o questionário on-line contendo 11 questões de múltipla escolha e 1 questão discursiva (opcional), cujo propósito maior foi avaliar o potencial do manual para constituir apoio didático para o ensino de Bioquímica no Ensino Médio, mas também saber se o acesso ao manual seria um fator motivador para incluir atividades experimentais na prática pedagógica desses professores. A análise dos dados do questionário foi feita utilizando a ferramenta Google Forms. De forma geral, a maioria dos avaliadores (> 90%) considerou o manual excelente ou muito bom em relação à clareza, objetividade, organização e conteúdo. Com relação à motivação, 68,2% responderam que o acesso ao manual os motivaria a inserir atividade experimental de Bioquímica em sua prática pedagógica e 27,3% responderam que muito provavelmente também seriam motivados. Os resultados sugerem que o manual está adequado para a finalidade proposta. O manual será disponibilizado impresso e também on-line, por meio de um site, que viabilizará a integração entre professores de Biologia e também a troca de ideias.CAPESThe traditional teaching methodology, in which the teacher exposes the subject and the student is a mere listener, has been questioned as to leading to effective learning. In this context, the results presented in the literature point to the practical approach of content integrated to the theory as a strategy that contributes to make the teaching and learning processes more effective. There are many barriers that prevent the insertion of experimental activities in the pedagogical routine; in particular, the unavailability of time for the teacher to seek information and to plan experimental classes. Based on these considerations, we elaborated a manual of biochemistry experiments to give subsidies to public high school teachers in the planning, organization and execution of biochemistry experiments. The “Moving Curriculum of Basic Education of the DF - High School” of the DF State Department of Education was used as a reference to search the biochemistry content to be addressed in the Manual. The criteria for the selection of the experiments were: to contemplate the contents of Photosynthesis, Fermentation and Enzymes studied in High School, to be able to perform in 1 hour / class or to be performed in interruptible stages (allowing the resumption in other classes) and use materials available at school or easily available and inexpensive. The Handbook, baptized under the name “Hands-On”, was organized into three chapters: Chapter 1 presents general safety rules in the “Laboratory Space”. Chapter 2 presents a brief introduction about practical classes and the teaching of Biology / Biochemistry and the experimental approach, considering characteristics of investigative teaching and the theoretical basis regarding the themes of the experiments presented in the manual: photosynthesis, fermentation and enzymes. Chapter 3 presents guidelines for carrying out experimental activities, the flowchart of the organization of the experiments and the experiments, being 6 photosynthesis, 5 fermentation and 4 enzymes. The Manual was evaluated by 22 high school biology teachers who teach in public schools in the Federal District, and of these 18 are (or were) students of the Professional Master's Degree in Biological Education in National Network (PROFBIO) of UnB. These teachers received, in digital format, the manual and the online questionnaire containing 11 multiple choice questions and 1 discursive question (optional), whose main purpose was to evaluate the potential of the manual to constitute didactic support for the teaching of Biochemistry in Teaching. Medium, but also whether access to the manual would be a motivating factor to include experimental activities in the pedagogical practice of these teachers. The analysis of the questionnaire data was done using the Google Forms tool. Overall, most reviewers (> 90%) found the manual excellent or very good with regard to clarity, objectivity, organization and content. Regarding motivation, 68.2% answered that access to the manual would motivate them to insert experimental biochemistry activity in their pedagogical practice and 27.3% answered that they would most likely also be motivated. The results suggest that the manual is suitable for the proposed purpose. The manual will be available in print and also online, through a website, which will enable the integration between biology teachers and also the exchange of ideas

Alcohol Abuse Promotes Changes in Non-Synaptic Epileptiform Activity with Concomitant Expression Changes in Cotransporters and Glial Cells

Non-synaptic mechanisms are being considered the common factor of brain damage in status epilepticus and alcohol intoxication. the present work reports the influence of the chronic use of ethanol on epileptic processes sustained by non-synaptic mechanisms. Adult male Wistar rats administered with ethanol (1, 2 e 3 g/kg/d) during 28 days were compared with Control. Non-synaptic epileptiform activities (NEAs) were induced by means of the zero-calcium and high-potassium model using hippocampal slices. the observed involvement of the dentate gyrus (DG) on the neurodegeneration promoted by ethanol motivated the monitoring of the electrophysiological activity in this region. the DG regions were analyzed for the presence of NKCC1, KCC2, GFAP and CD11b immunoreactivity and cell density. the treated groups showed extracellular potential measured at the granular layer with increased DC shift and population spikes (PS), which was remarkable for the group E1. the latencies to the NEAs onset were more prominent also for the treated groups, being correlated with the neuronal loss. in line with these findings were the predispositions of the treated slices for neuronal edema after NEAs induction, suggesting that restrict inter-cell space counteracts the neuronal loss and subsists the hyper-synchronism. the significant increase of the expressions of NKCC1 and CD11b for the treated groups confirms the existence of conditions favorable to the observed edematous necrosis. the data suggest that the ethanol consumption promotes changes on the non-synaptic mechanisms modulating the NEAs. for the lower ethanol dosage the neurophysiological changes were more effective suggesting to be due to the less intense neurodegenertation.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Univ Fed Sao Joao del Rei, Dept Engn Biossistemas, Lab Neurociencia Expt & Computac, Sao Joao Del Rei, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Disciplina Neurol Expt, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencia & Tecnol, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Disciplina Fisiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Disciplina Neurol Expt, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Ciencia & Tecnol, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Disciplina Fisiol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Nissl stain analysis.

<p>A: After Nissl staining, the typical morphology of the granule layer of DG for each group investigated (control, E1, E2 and E3) are shown. B: Effect of the non-synaptic activity induction on the cell morphology, performed for the group E3 in comparison with control. Before seizure induction, the normal morphology of the granule layer (a) is replaced by the presence of whitish zones, somas with swelling (thick arrows) and dark cells (thin arrows) (b). After seizure induction, the slices of the control group showed edematous cell bodies and a few dark cells (thin arrows) (c). However, the slices from the group E3 appeared with intense edematous necrosis, as shown in (d). Several cell bodies with intense swelling (thick arrows) and dark cells (thin arrows) can be seen.</p

DG immuno-stained for NKCC1 and KCC2.

<p>Typical images for NKCC1 (Magnification: 400x). All alcohol treated groups expressed more intense staining for NKCC1 than Control (A). For KCC2 the immuno-reactivity was more intense for the group E3 (K) (Magnification: 1000x). The transition between the granule and molecular layers exhibited the most intense staining for both NKCC1, comparing E3 (G) with Control (E), and KCC2, comparing E3 (N) with Control (L). Statistical comparisons were done with one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Error bars indicate SEM. *<i>p</i><0.05.</p

DG immune-stained for CD11b.

<p>(A) Control, E1, E2 e E3 (Magnification 100x). Insets show typical microglial morphology of each group (Magnification 1000x). Arrows head indicate microglial activation also shown in the insets. (B) Optical densitometry analysis of the immuno-reactivity to CD11b. E2 and E3 groups exhibited increased immuno-staining in comparison with Control and E1. Statistical comparisons were done with one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Error bars indicate SEM. *<i>p</i><0.05.</p

Typical non-synaptic epileptiform activities induced in hippocampus slices and recorded in the granular layer of the dentate gyrus according to the groups.

<p>(A) control, (B) E1, (C) E2 and (D) E3.</p

DG immuno-stained for GFAP.

<p>(A) Control section, (B) E1 section, (C) E2 section, (D) E3 section (Magnification 100x). The astrocyte reactivity typical of E3 (G) is absent in the control (E) (Magnification 1000x). (F) Optical densitometry analysis of GFAP immuno-staining showed E3 with significant increase in comparison with the other groups. Statistical comparisons were done with one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Error bars indicate SEM. *<i>p</i><0.05.</p

Validation of a Culturally Relevant Snakebite Envenomation Clinical Practice Guideline in Brazil

Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a neglected tropical disease with significant global morbidity and mortality. Even when antivenom is available in low-resource areas, health workers do not receive adequate training to manage SBEs. This study aims to develop and validate a clinical practice guideline (CPG) for SBE management across Brazil. A panel of expert judges with academic and/or technical expertise in SBE management performed content validation. The content validity index (CVI) score was 90% for CPG objectives, 89% for structure and presentation and 92% for relevance and classified the CPG as valid. A semantic validation was performed by analyzing focus group discussions with doctors and nurses from three municipalities of the Brazilian Amazon, after a 5-day meeting during which the CPG was presented. Two central themes emerged: knowledge acquired during the meeting and recommendations for improving the CPG. Based on these results, the CPG was revised into a final version. This study presents the successful development and validation process of a CPG for SBE management, which is targeted to a specific low-resource, high-burden setting. This development and validation process can be adapted to other settings and/or other neglected tropical diseases