691 research outputs found

    Impact of plant elicitors on ammonia-oxidizing root and rhizosphere communities in winter wheat

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    Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plants. Nitrogen is taken up as ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-) from roots. If not taken up by the plants, nitrate can be lost to the atmosphere by denitrification which contributes to the global warming. Nitrate can leach out in aquatic systems, this can cause eutrophication, thus it’s important to save the nitrogen in soil. Nitrate can be added as fertilizer or produced by a microbial process called nitrification. The first step of nitrification is the oxidation of ammonia, done by ammonia oxidizing archaea, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and comammox (Nitrospira). This first step is also the rate limiting step of this process. Plant elicitors such as cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate are used in pest management but there are also indications that they trigger the production of secondary metabolites that can be found in root exudates and inhibit ammonia oxidizers. However, our knowledge on their effect on soil microbes remains limited. The hypothesis was that treating winter wheat with elicitors will alter the soil ammonia-oxidizing communities without negatively affecting plant performance. The first aim was to determine the abundance, composition and activity of the ammonia oxidizing root and rhizosphere communities. The second aim was to measure plant traits both above- and below ground. The third aim was to assess effects of ammonium availability of the elicitor treated plants. The elicitor treatments showed most effects in the fertilized pots. The elicitors had most significant effects on the ammonia-oxidizing root communities compared to the rhizosphere communities. Methyl jasmonate showed most significant effects and methyl salicylate showed second most significant effects of both decreased microbial abundance and changed community composition. In both cases the plant traits were positively affected except for the shoot biomass. However, it is possible that this effect is temporary and that a longer growth period would allow an increase in the shoot biomass. Cis-jasmone showed no significant effect on microbial abundance but a trend of changed composition. Cis-jasmone positively affected below-ground plant performance. Methyl jasmonate seems to be the most promising elicitor and methyl salicylate is the second promising elicitor. Cis-jasmone is still interesting, showing positive effects on plant performance although limited effect on microbial abundance. Fertilizer as ammonium chloride increase the effects of the elicitor treatments limited to the roots microbial community. We should continue use cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate to see how they can be used in practical agriculture and in different crops.KvĂ€ve Ă€r ett essentiellt nĂ€ringsĂ€mne för vĂ€xter. KvĂ€ve tas upp som ammonium (NH4+) eller nitrat (NO3-) genom vĂ€xtrötterna. Nitrat Ă€r lĂ€ttrörligt i jorden, om nitrat inte utnyttjas av vĂ€xter kan det försvinna till atmosfĂ€ren genom denitrifikationen, detta bidrar till den globala uppvĂ€rmningen. Nitrat kan ocksĂ„ lĂ€cka ut till vattendrag och orsakar övergödning, det Ă€r dĂ€rför viktigt att spara kvĂ€vet i marken. Nitrat kan tillföras genom gödsel eller bildas genom mikrobiella processer i marken via nitrifikationen. Ammoniakoxideringen Ă€r det första steget i nitrifikationen vilket bestĂ€mmer hasigheten av nitrifikationen. Ammoniak oxideras av ammoniak oxiderande arkĂ©er, ammoniak oxiderande bakterier eller comammox (Nitrospira). VĂ€xt-elicitorer som cis-jasmonsyra, metyljasmonsyra och metylsalicylsyra inducerar försvarsmekanismer mot herbivorer och patogener. Det finns indikationer om att elicitorer kan ocksĂ„ trigga syntes av sekundĂ€ra metaboliter i rotexudatet som inhiberar ammoniakoxiderande mikrober i jorden. Kunskapen om effekten pĂ„ jordmikrober Ă€r dock minimal. Hypotesen var att elicitorer pĂ„verkar det ammoniakoxiderande mikrobsamhĂ€llet som Ă€r kopplat till höstvete, utan negativ pĂ„verkan pĂ„ vĂ€xtens tillvĂ€xt. Det första syftet var att mĂ€ta rot- och rhizosfĂ€rsamhĂ€llets storlek, komposition och aktivitet. Det andra syftet var att mĂ€ta vĂ€xtens ovan- och underjordiska delar för att undersöka vĂ€xtens tillvĂ€xt av behandlingarna. Det tredje syftet var att bedöma eventuella effekter frĂ„n ammoniumgödsling pĂ„ elicitorbehandlade plantor. Elicitorbehandlingarna visade mest signifikant effekt i de gödslade leden. RotmikrobsamhĂ€llet visade fler signifikanta effekter jĂ€mfört med rhizosfĂ€rmikrobsamhĂ€llet. Metyljasmonsyra visade flest signifikanta effekter och dĂ€refter metylsalicylsyra. Dessa reducerade storleken pĂ„ rotmikrobsamhĂ€llet, förĂ€ndrade samhĂ€llets komposition, samt hade positiv pĂ„verkan pĂ„ vĂ€xtens tillvĂ€xt förutom skottbiomassa. Det Ă€r dock möjligt att denna effekten Ă€r temporĂ€r och efter en lĂ€ngre tillvĂ€xtperiod ökar skottbiomassan. Cis-jasmonsyra visade inga signifikant skillnader pĂ„ mikrobsamhĂ€llets storlek, men en trend pĂ„ förĂ€ndrad komposition. Cis-jasmonsyra visade Ă€ndĂ„ positiv pĂ„verkan pĂ„ rottillvĂ€xten. Metyljasmonsyra Ă€r den mest lovande elicitoren och metylsalicylsyra den nĂ€st lovande elicitoren. Cis-jasmonsyra Ă€r fortfarande intressant dĂ„ den visade ha positiv inverkan pĂ„ vĂ€xtens tillvĂ€xt men begrĂ€nsad pĂ„verkan pĂ„ mikrobsamhĂ€llets storlek. Gödsel som ammoniumklorid visade sig ge en förstĂ€rkt effekt pĂ„ elicitorbehnadlingarna, begrĂ€nsad till rotmikrobsamhĂ€llet. Vi bör fortsĂ€tta anvĂ€nda cis-jasmonsyra, metyljasmonsyra och metylsalicylsyra för att se hur de kan anvĂ€ndas i praktiskt jordbruk och vilken effekt de har i oliak grödor

    Digital games as a design tool : proposal for outdoor play design

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    Dagens förskolebarn Ă€r den första riktigt digitala generationen. De har vuxit upp med datorer och Internet sedan de kom till vĂ€rlden. Följaktligen Ă€r barns vĂ€rld idag bĂ„de analog och digital och barnen rör sig ledigt mellan dessa tvĂ„ vĂ€rldar. Digitala spel har gjort att barn förstĂ„r sig pĂ„ den nya tekniken pĂ„ ett sĂ€tt som vuxna inte gör. Digitala spel vĂ€djar till barns fantasi och ger ett alternativ till verkligheten AFK (Away From Keyboard). Utomhusmiljön i sin tur lockar genom att erbjuda barnen en miljö som Ă€r spĂ€nnande och fantasieggande, dĂ€r de har mycket att upptĂ€cka och utforska. I naturen finns fĂ„ saker som barn inte kan anvĂ€nda i sin lek, enbart deras fantasi sĂ€tter grĂ€nser. Syftet med det hĂ€r arbetet Ă€r att hitta en ny ingĂ„ng till hur en lekpark kan gestaltas, med utgĂ„ngspunkt i den digitala vĂ€rlden. Vi vill visa ett alternativ till ”digital”-konceptparker och lekparker som enbart bestĂ„r av utplacerade lekredskap. SĂ„ledes var vi nyfikna pĂ„ om det kan vara möjligt att aktivera och attrahera, framförallt barn och ungdomar till den fysiska utemiljön, genom att plocka in egenskaper frĂ„n digitala spel i designprocessen för utormning av lekparker. Med vden hĂ€r uppsats har vi haft som mĂ„l att ta fram ett generellt tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt, ett designverktyg, som kan anvĂ€ndas för att skapa en attraktiv lekmiljö. Arbetet bygger pĂ„ samtal med speltillverkare, spelutövare och en pedagog samt litteraturstudier, platsbesök och en pilotstudie av designverktyget. Litteraturstudierna har fokuserat pĂ„ vilka effekter anvĂ€ndandet av den digitala vĂ€rlden och lek utomhus har pĂ„ framför allt barn och ungdomar. Vi har anvĂ€nt oss av det populĂ€ra spelet Minecraft som modellspel och frĂ€msta studieobjekt för den digitala vĂ€rlden. DĂ€rför Ă€gnade vi tid Ă„t att spela spelet för att fĂ„ en förstĂ„else för dess uppbyggnad, attraktionskraft samt dess fördelar och nackdelar. Undersökningen av spelet Minecraft tillsammans med litteraturstudierna och samtalen har gjort det möjligt för oss att identifiera de egenskaper som finns i det digitala spelet. För att testa vĂ„ra idĂ©er har vi valt att applicera dem i utformandet av ett tĂ€vlingsförslag i en arkitekttĂ€vling för en lekpark i Lill-Valla i Linköping. I gestaltningsarbetet har vi till stor del arbetat traditionellt med skisser och designexperiment. I utformningen av lekparken i Lill-Valla har vi inkorporerat den kunskap om digitala spels egenskaper som vi förvĂ€rvat genom vĂ„r undersökning. En av de viktigaste utgĂ„ngspunkterna i arbetet Ă€r att vi tror att det i en vĂ€rld i stĂ€ndig förĂ€ndring krĂ€vs nya perspektiv pĂ„ lekmiljöer för barn och unga. Vi vill vĂ€cka frĂ„gan kring hur balansen mellan anvĂ€ndandet av digital media och utomhuslek kan se ut för barn och ungdomar. VĂ„rt arbete ligger i grĂ€nssnittet mellan landskapsarkitektur och digitala spel. Det riktar sig frĂ€mst till landskapsarkitekter.Today’s preschoolers are the first digital generation. Meaning that they’ve grown up with computers and the Internet from the day they were born into this world. The children of today’s reality are there for both analogue and digital and move between the physical world and the digital world with ease. Digital games have prepared today’s children to understand the new technology in a way that adults don’t do. Digital games appeal to children’s imagination and provide an alternative to the physical world, AFK (Away From Keyboard). On the other hand the outdoor environment and nature does attract, by offering an exciting imaginative environment where children have much to discover and explore. In nature, there are few things that kids can’t find a way to play with, only their imagination sets the limit. The aim of this Master thesis was to find new input to how a playground can be designed based on the digital world. We wanted to produce an alternative to “digital” theme parks and playgrounds that only present set play equipment. We are curious to see if it is possible to activate and attract, mainly, children and young people to the outdoor environment and the playground, by picking incorporating properties from digital games in to the design of playgrounds. In this paper, our goal is to develop a general approach, a design tool that can be used to create an attractive play environment. The work is based on conversations with game developers, game practitioner, an educator as well as research of written data (papers, books and articles), site visits and a trial study of the design tool. We found most of the data on the effects of children’s and adolescent’s use of the digital world and outdoor play through studies of papers and articles on the subject. We have also used the popular game Minecraft as a prototypical game and spent time playing the game to gain an understanding of its structure, appeal, advantages and disadvantages. The study of the game Minecraft, reference literature and the dialogues with said practitioners, made it possible for us to identify the features that are available in digital games. To further investigate our ideas, we chose to apply them in developing a design proposal for a children’s playground in an architectural competition in, Linkoping. In the design process for the playground, we have mainly worked traditionally with sketches and design experiments, but we have integrated our knowledge of the properties of digital games, that we acquired throughout our research. One of the central starting points for our thesis is that we believe, that in a world that is constantly changing new perspectives on how we view play environments for children and young people is required. We want to raise the question of the balance between the use of digital media and outdoor play and see if, and if so, in what way features from digital games can be a part of the design process for creating outdoor playgrounds. Our master thesis lies at the crossroads between landscape architecture and digital games. Our thesis is intended mainly for landscape architects

    After-school clubs as a supporter of the daily life and well-being of the child and family : An example of Tennis- ja mailapelikoulu by Grani Tennis

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    TĂ€mĂ€n pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittÀÀ, minkĂ€lainen merkitys koulun jĂ€lkeisellĂ€ iltapĂ€ivĂ€toiminnalla on lapsen ja perheen arjen sekĂ€ hyvinvoinnin tukemisessa. Tavoitteena on tuoda esille laadukkaaseen iltapĂ€ivĂ€toimintaan kuuluvia tekijöitĂ€, joilla arkea ja hyvinvointia tuetaan. IltapĂ€ivĂ€toimintaa sekĂ€ sen yhteyksiĂ€ hyvinvoinnin tukemiseen liittyen on tutkittu vĂ€hĂ€n. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat kuitenkin osoittaneet, ettĂ€ lapsen ja vanhempien vĂ€lisellĂ€ hyvinvoinnilla on vahva yhteys. Jonkun perheenjĂ€senen hyvinvointi tai pahoinvointi vaikuttaa siis muuhunkin perheeseen. IltapĂ€ivĂ€toiminnalla on aiempien tutkimusten mukaan suuri merkitys vanhempien työ- ja perhe-elĂ€mĂ€n yhdistĂ€misessĂ€ sekĂ€ lapsen yksinĂ€isen ajan vĂ€hentĂ€misessĂ€ koulupĂ€ivĂ€n jĂ€lkeen. IltapĂ€ivĂ€toiminnalla on myös tĂ€rkeĂ€ merkitys lapsen sosiaalisten suhteiden ja terveellisten elĂ€mĂ€ntapojen vahvistamisessa. Tutkimus toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena. Aineisto kerĂ€ttiin teemahaastatteluina haastattelemalla kahdeksaa Grani Tenniksen jĂ€rjestĂ€mÀÀn Tennis- ja mailapelikoulu -iltapĂ€ivĂ€kerhoon osallistuvien lasten vanhempaa. Tutkimusasetelma oli fenomenografinen, eli tavoitteena oli ymmĂ€rtÀÀ ja kuvata vanhempien antamia merkityksiĂ€ tutkittavalle ilmiölle. Aineisto analysoitiin hyödyntĂ€en teoriaohjaavaa sisĂ€llönanalyysiĂ€, jossa teoriana toimi tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys. Tutkimuksessa nousi esille iltapĂ€ivĂ€toiminnan tĂ€rkeĂ€ merkitys lapsen ja perheen arjen rytmittĂ€misessĂ€ sekĂ€ hyvinvoinnin tukemisessa. Toiminta mahdollistaa vanhemmille tĂ€ysipĂ€ivĂ€isen työssĂ€ kĂ€ymisen. Vanhemmat kokivat tĂ€rkeĂ€ksi, ettĂ€ lapsella on jokin turvallinen paikka, jossa voi viettÀÀ aikaa koulupĂ€ivĂ€n jĂ€lkeen vanhempien ollessa vielĂ€ töissĂ€. Vanhempien hyvinvointia tukee se, ettĂ€ arkea ei kuormita ylimÀÀrĂ€inen suunnittelu liittyen lapsen yksinĂ€isen ajan vĂ€hentĂ€miseen. Lapsen ja vanhempien hyvinvoinnilla koettiin olevan myös vahva yhteys. IltapĂ€ivĂ€toiminta tukee erityisesti lapsen sosiaalista, psyykkistĂ€ ja fyysistĂ€ hyvinvointia. IltapĂ€ivĂ€toimintaa tulisi Suomessa vanhempien mukaan kuitenkin kehittÀÀ niin, ettĂ€ ohjaajia on riittĂ€vĂ€sti ja heillĂ€ on taitoa toimia erilaisten lasten ja tuen tarpeiden kanssa. Jokaiselle lapselle tulee tasa-arvoisesti varmistaa turvallinen paikka kehittyĂ€ ja kasvaa. Koska iltapĂ€ivĂ€toiminta on maksullista, sitĂ€ tulisi kehittÀÀ myös niin, ettĂ€ sen hyödyntĂ€minen olisi mahdollista jokaiselle sitĂ€ tarvitsevalle perheelle ja lapselle.The purpose of this Master's thesis was to find out what kind of role after-school clubs play in supporting the daily life and well-being of the child and family. The objective is to highlight the factors that are part of a high-quality after-school club. After-school clubs, as well as its connections with well-being support, have been little studied. However, previous research has shown that there is a strong connection between child and parental well-being. So, the well-being or ill-being of someone affects other family members as well. According to previous research, after-school clubs play a large role in combining parents' work and family life, as well as reducing a child's lonely time after school. After-school clubs also play an important role in strengthening the child's social relations and healthy lifestyle. The study was conducted as a qualitative study. The data were collected as themed interviews by interviewing eight parents of children attending Tennis- ja mailapelikoulu -after-school club organized by Grani Tennis. The research setting was phenomenographic, meaning the goal was to understand and describe the meanings given by parents to the phenomenon being studied. The data was analyzed using theory-driven content analysis in which the theoretical framework of the thesis served as the theory. The study’s results highlighted the important role of after-school clubs in organizing the daily life of the child and the family and in supporting everyone’s well-being. They allow parents to work full-time. While working, it is important to have a safe place for their child to spend time after school. Parental well-being is supported by the fact that the daily life is not burdened with additional planning in relation to reducing the child's lonely time. The well-being of the child and parents was also perceived to have a strong connection. After-school clubs particularly support the child's social, psychological, and physical well-being. After-school clubs in Finland, however, should be still developed more so that there are enough instructors that have the skills to work with different children and supporting their needs. It should be ensured that every child has equally a safe place to develop and grow. As after-school clubs are fee-required, they should also be developed so that every family has the possibility to use them in their daily life

    Seed treatment with plant-defense elicitors decreases the abundance of ammonia oxidizers associated with winter wheat roots

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    Priming with elicitors, including phytohormones, is known to induce physiological changes in plants that affect resource allocation and nutrient uptake strategies. However, effects of these changes on belowground microbial communities, particularly those involved in nitrogen (N) transformations, remain poorly characterized. Here, we tested the hypothesis that treating seeds with elicitors would affect N-transforming communities associated to roots and rhizosphere, influencing soil N availability and thus plant performance. We measured the effects of treating winter wheat seeds with cis-jasmone, methyl jasmonate or methyl salicylate on plant traits and on the genetic potential for ammonia oxidation by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), the initial inorganic N transformation process resulting in N loss. Elicitors reduced the genetic potential for ammonia oxidation by AOB in root-associated microbial communities and increased traits reflecting N uptake in winter wheat. Proposed mechanisms include increased exploitative competition for ammonium, limiting substrate availability for microorganisms, and induced biological nitrification inhibition capacity actively suppressing ammonia oxidizers. There were minor effects on the composition of the AOB and AOA communities, but an indicator species analysis showed that several AOB and a few AOA genotypes were indicative of elicitor treatments. Seed treatment with elicitors may represent an overlooked strategy to minimize nitrification to mitigate N losses from arable soils

    En hÀlsofrÀmjande skog Àr en gammal skog

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    Intresset för naturvistelse, frĂ„n allmĂ€nheten sĂ„vĂ€l som frĂ„n privata- och offentliga aktörer, har nyligen ökat och forskning i Ă€mnet har kunnat pĂ„visa allt tydligare resultat vilka föresprĂ„kar naturen som hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande arena. Detta har bidragit till att det idag finns ett behov av att öka vĂ„r förstĂ„else kring vilka kvaliteter i naturen som Ă€r vĂ€rdefulla ur hĂ€lsosynpunkt, för att kunna identifiera, skydda och utveckla dessa miljöer för framtiden. Syftet med arbetet var dĂ€rför att undersöka vilka upplevelsevĂ€rden och miljörelaterade egenskaper som bĂ€st kan förutsĂ€ga en miljös naturhĂ€lsovĂ€rde och via dessa identifiera hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande naturomrĂ„den. UpplevelsevĂ€rdena; Vildhet, Rofylldhet, Artrikedom, Kultur och Öppenhet, vilka vetenskapligt visats vara viktiga för en hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande miljö, samt ett naturhĂ€lsovĂ€rde inventerades pĂ„ 203 slumpmĂ€ssigt utlagda platser i VĂ€sterbottens lĂ€n. Via miljörelaterade egenskaper för de olika provpunkterna undersöktes vilka egenskaper som Ă€r viktiga för ett omrĂ„des hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande potential. Detaljerad analys av naturhĂ€lsovĂ€rden i skogsmiljöer utfördes dĂ€refter av 157 provpunkter pĂ„ skogsmark. Resultatet visar att en hög Ă„lder pĂ„ skogen Ă€r den enskilt viktigaste egenskapen tillsammans med impediment och ett lĂ„ngt avstĂ„nd till exploaterad mark för att kunna förutsĂ€ga om ett skogsomrĂ„de Ă€r hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande. Vidare Ă€r upplevelsevĂ€rdena Vildhet och Rofylldhet bĂ€st lĂ€mpade för att identifiera ett högt naturhĂ€lsovĂ€rde. I kartan över VĂ€sterbottens lĂ€n ses att större omrĂ„den av hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande skogar frĂ€mst Ă€r belĂ€gna i de vĂ€stra delarna medan mindre omrĂ„den ligger i öst, nĂ€ra samhĂ€llen och vĂ€gar. Resultatet Ă€r av vikt sĂ„vĂ€l för intressenter i skogen som planerar skogsbruksĂ„tgĂ€rder och nya rekreationsomrĂ„den, som för de som vill besöka hĂ€lsofrĂ€mjande skogar.The interest in outdoor visits, from private and public actors, has recently increased as researchers are reaching consensus about nature as a reliable health-promoting arena. Therefore, there is a need to increase our understanding of nature characteristics that are valuable from a health perspective, to be able to identify, protect and manage these environments for the future. The purpose was therefore to investigate which Perceived Sensory Dimensions and environmental characteristics, that best ca n predict the “Na ture Hea lth Va lue” (NHV) a nd through these identify hea lth -promoting areas. The Perceived Sensory Dimensions; Wild, Serene, Species richness, Culture and Space, which are scientifically proven to indicate health-promoting environments, were along with the NHV, assessed at 203 randomly placed sites in VĂ€sterbotten County. Through available data of environmental characteristics in the inventoried points, an area's health-promotive potential were investigated. Detailed analysis of health values was then performed on 157 points on forest land. The results show that an old forest is the single most important characteristic for identifying a health-promoting forest along with impediments and a long distance to exploited land. Furthermore, Wild and Serene are best suited for identifying a high NHV and thus finding health-promoting forests. The map of VĂ€sterbotten County shows that larger areas of health-promoting forests mainly are located in the west, while smaller areas are located in the east, close to communities and roads. The result is important for forest related stakeholders to plan forestry measures and new recreational areas, or to act as a basis for those who just want to visit health-promoting forests

    Att styra och stÀlla En styrningsstudie med ResursCentrum för kvinnor som fall

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    In 1994 it was decided that a new network based organizational model was to be initiated to face the problems of some of the gender inequalities in Sweden. The organisation structure was named Resource Centre for Women (ResursCentrum för kvinnor). This essay constitutes a qualitative case study of governing, with this organisation structure as my field of inquiry. My ambition has been to outline and explain what kind of governing has been used and how it works. I have also tried to identify potential changes of the ways of governing over time. To help me out with that task, I have applied a theoretical framework, characterized of a governance perspective, and have used terms as: governing with networks, partnership, projects and visionary government to interpret my empiric material. My result shows that there have been various changes in the ways of governing, from a more hierarchal government form of governing to a more governance based one

    Reformation of the yard The Fox

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    Omgestaltning av bostadsgĂ„rden RĂ€ven pĂ„ ÅkerbyvĂ€gen i TĂ€by, norr om Sthlm

    The problem with pink kernels in malting barley

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    Rosa kĂ€rnor anvĂ€nds som en indikator för att överskumning, s.k gushing kommer att uppstĂ„ pĂ„ ölbryggerier. För att analysera rosa kĂ€rnor görs en okulĂ€r analys. Denna har fĂ„tt kritik för att inte vara tillförlitlig nog att identifiera partier som orsakar gushing. Det hĂ€r arbetet gjordes dels genom en litteraturstudie, dels genom en analys av data frĂ„n en svensk spannmĂ„lshandlare (2013-2018) för att undersöka andelen underkĂ€nda maltkornspartier pga. rosa kĂ€rnor och för att se om det fanns Ă„rsvariationer av förekomsten av rosa kĂ€rnor eller skillnader i förekomsten mellan regioner i Sverige. Dataanalysen visade att rosa kĂ€rnor förekommer ungefĂ€r lika mycket i de regioner i Sverige som undersöktes. 2017 förekom det mest rosa kĂ€rnor och 2018 förekom det minst i alla regioner. Gushing orsakas av proteinerna hydrofobiner och ns-LTP. Ns-LTP kommer frĂ„n vĂ€xter och hydrofobiner frĂ„n Ascomyceter och Basidiomyceter. Det rĂ„der delade meningar om vilka svamparter som orsakar rosa kĂ€rnor i maltkorn som leder till problem med gushing. Det kan till stor del vara kopplat till axfusarios som orsakas av Fusarium spp. och Microdochium nivale men det finns uppgifter om att det kan vara andra mikroorganismer som orsakar rosa kĂ€rnor och gushing. Det finns inte nĂ„gra tydliga rekommendationer kring Ă„tgĂ€rder för att minimera förekomsten av rosa kĂ€rnor i fĂ€lt mer Ă€n att förekomsten av rosa kĂ€rnor ökar vid sen tröskning. Är rosa kĂ€rnor till stor del orsakat av axfusarios finns det flera rekommendationer för att frĂ€mst förebygga infektion i vĂ€xande gröda. Det behövs mer forskning och utveckling för att hitta orsaken till rosa kĂ€rnor och sĂ€krare analyser som förutser gushing, om det finns svampar som producerar hydrofobiner som leder till kraftigare gushing, och om det finns metoder som kan anvĂ€ndas under mĂ€ltning för att minimera hydrofobinproduktionen, till exempel att tillsĂ€tta mikroorganismer.Pink kernels are used to indicate if a malting barley lot can cause gushing in the brewing industry. A visual assessment is used and has been criticized because the results are not always correct to identify gushing. The present study is based on a literature survey and a data analysis from a Swedish grain trader (2013-2018). The data was analyzed by the rejected cereals lot caused by pink kernels, in relation to seasonal variations and differences between regions in Sweden. The data analysis showed that pink kernels were most common in 2017 and least common in 2018 in all regions. Pink kernels occurred in approximetely the same amounts in all regions. Gushing is caused by ns-LTP from plants and hydrophobins from Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. There are various opinions about which fungi that causes pink kernels and later the problem with gushing. It can be related to Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale but there are indications that other microorganisms can also cause pink kernels and gushing. There are no distinct recommendations to minimize pink kernels in the field, other than harvest in time as late harvest increase the presence of pink kernels. If pink kernels are caused by similar fungi and factors as fusarium head blight, there are recommendations to prevent infection in the crop. More research and development is needed to find the cause of pink kernels and assure analyzing methods to previse gushing. Research is needed about fungi producing hydrophobins that makes heavier gushing and if microorganisms can be used to decrease the synthesis of hydrophobins in the brewing industry

    Agreement between methods of measurement with multiple observations per individual

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    Limits of agreement provide a straightforward and intuitive approach to agreement between different methods for measuring the same quantity. When pairs of observations using the two methods are independent, i.e., on different subjects, the calculations are very simple and straightforward. Some authors collect repeated data, either as repeated pairs of measurements on the same subject, whose true value of the measured quantity may be changing, or more than one measurement by one or both methods of an unchanging underlying quantity. In this paper we describe methods for analysing such clustered observations, both when the underlying quantity is assumed to be changing and when it is not

    Copepods in a changing sea : Ocean acidification, long-term changes and short-term variability

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    Anna-Karin Almén conducted field and lab work for this thesis at TvÀrminne Zoological Station
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