Dynamic glucose disposal is driven by reduced endogenous glucose production in response to voluntary wheel running: A stable isotope approach

© 2020 the American Physiological Society. Dynamic glucose disposal is driven by reduced endogenous glucose production in response to voluntary wheel running: A stable isotope approach. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 319: E2-E10, 2020. First published April 28, 2020; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00450.2019.-To resolve both the systems level and molecular mechanisms responsible for exerciseinduced improvements in glucose tolerance, we sought to test the effect of voluntary wheel running exercise on postprandial glucose dynamics. We utilized a stable isotope-labeled oral glucose tolerance test (SI-OGTT) incorporating complementary deuterium glucose tracers at a 1:1 ratio (2-2H-glucose and 6-6 2H-glucose; 2g/kg lean body mass) to distinguish between endogenous glucose production (EGP) and whole-body glucose disposal. SI-OGTT was performed in C57BL/6J mice after 8 wk on a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% fat). Mice were then randomized to either a wheel-running cage (n = 13, HFD Ex) or a normal cage (n = 13, HFD Sed) while maintaining the HFD for 4 wk before performing a SI-OGTT. HFD Ex mice demonstrated improvements in whole blood glucose total area under the curve (AUC) that was attributed primarily to a reduction in EGP AUC. Serum insulin levels measured at 0 and 15 min post-glucose gavage were significantly elevated in the HFD Sed mice, whereas HFD Ex mice demonstrated the expected reduction in insulin at both time points. Overall, exercise improved hepatic insulin sensitivity by reducing postprandial EGP, but also increased whole-body glucose disposal. Finally, these results demonstrate the benefits of exercise on hepatic insulin sensitivity by combining a more physiological route of glucose administration (oral glucose) with the resolution of stable isotope tracers. These novel observations clearly demonstrate that SI-OGTT is a sensitive and cost-effective method to measure exercise adaptations in obese mice with as little as 2 μl of tail blood

A type-2 fuzzy modelling framework for aircraft taxi-time prediction

Knowing aircraft taxi-time precisely a-priori is increasingly important for any airport management system. This work presents a new approach for estimating and characterising the taxi-time of an aircraft based on historical information. The approach makes use of the interval type-2 fuzzy logic system, which provides more robustness and accuracy than the conventional type-1 fuzzy system. To compensate for erroneous modelling assumptions, the error distribution of the model is further analysed and an error compensation strategy is developed. Results, when tested on a real data set for Manchester Airport (U.K.), show improved taxi-time accuracy and generalisation capability over a wide range of modelling assumptions when compared with existing fuzzy systems and linear regression-based methods

0111i I ll III ACTUATOR PLACEMENT FOR ACTIVE SURGE CONTROL IN A MULTI-STAGE AXIAL COMPRESSOR

ABSTRACT. This paper describes an actuator placement methodology for the active control of purely onedimensional instabilities of a seven-stage axial compressor using an air bleeding strategy. In this theoretical study, using stage-by-stage non-linear modelling based on the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy, a scheduling LQR (Linear Quadratic Regulator) controller is designed for several actuator locations in a compressor from the first stage to the plenum. In this controller design, the LQR weighting matrices are selected so that the associated cost function includes only air bleeding mass flow leading to the minimisation of the air bleed. The LQR cost function represents a measure of the consumption of air bleeding and can be calculated analytically using the solution of an Algebraic Riccati Equation. From analysis of the cost at different compressor stages, the location of an air bleeding actuator is selected at the stage with the minimum cost. Finally, using an ACSL simulation program, the scheduling controller has been integrated with a non-lineat stage-by-stage model and the time response of the air bleeding mass flow at different locations has been obtained to confirm the results from the analytical approach. Results are presented to show actively stabilised compressor flow beyond the surge point where the air bleed is minimised. These results also indicate the preferred location of the actuator at the compressor downstream stages for both low and high compressor speeds

Co-ingestion of whey protein with a carbohydrate-rich breakfast boes not affect glycemia, insulinemia or subjective appetite following a subsequent meal in healthy males

We aimed to assess postprandial metabolic and appetite responses to a mixed-macronutrient lunch following prior addition of whey protein to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast. Ten healthy males (age: 24 ± 1 y; body mass index (BMI): 24.5 ± 0.7 kg/m2) completed three trials in a non-isocaloric, crossover design. A carbohydrate-rich breakfast (93 g carbohydrate; 1799 kJ) was consumed with (CHO+WP) or without (CHO) 20 g whey protein isolate (373 kJ), or breakfast was omitted (NB). At 180 minutes, participants consumed a mixed-macronutrient lunch meal. Venous blood was sampled at 15 minute intervals following each meal and every 30 minutes thereafter, while subjective appetite sensations were collected every 30 minutes throughout. Post-breakfast insulinaemia was greater after CHO+WP (time-averaged area under the curve (AUC0-180 min): 193.1 ± 26.3 pmol/L), compared to CHO (154.7 ± 18.5 pmol/L) and NB (46.1 ± 8.0 pmol/L; p < 0.05), with no difference in post breakfast (0-180 min) glycaemia (CHO+WP, 3.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L; CHO, 4.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L; NB, 4.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L; p = 0.247). There were no post lunch (0-180 min) effects of condition on glycaemia (p = 0.492), insulinaemia (p = 0.338) or subjective appetite (p > 0.05). Adding whey protein to a carbohydrate-rich breakfast enhanced the acute postprandial insulin response, without influencing metabolic or appetite responses following a subsequent mixed-macronutrient meal

A multinational survey of companion animal veterinary clinicians: How can antimicrobial stewardship guidelines be optimised for the target stakeholder?

Antimicrobial stewardship initiatives are widely regarded as a cornerstone for ameliorating the global health impact of antimicrobial resistance. Within companion animal health, such efforts have largely focused on development and dissemination of antimicrobial stewardship guidelines (ASGs). However, there have been few attempts to understand veterinarian attitudes towards and knowledge of ASGs or to determine how awareness regarding ASGs might best be increased. An online survey regarding ASGs was formulated for veterinarians who treat companion animals. The survey was distributed across 46 European and associated countries between 12 January and 30 June, 2022. In total, 2271 surveys were completed, with 64.9% of respondents (n = 1474) reporting awareness and usage of at least one ASG. Respondents from countries with greater awareness of ASGs tended to report more appropriate use of antimicrobials (Spearman's rank coefficient = 0.6084, P ≤ 0.001), with respondents from countries with country-specific ASGs tending to score highest across both awareness and appropriate use domains. Respondents prioritised guidance around antimicrobial choice (82.0%, n = 1863), duration of treatment (66.0%, n = 1499), and dosage (51.9%, n = 1179) for inclusion in future ASGs, with 78.0% (n = 1776) of respondents preferring ASGs to be integrated into their patient management system. Awareness of ASGs and their use in companion animal veterinary practice appears to be greater than previously reported, with respondents tending to report antimicrobial prescription decision making broadly in line with current clinical recommendations. However, further initiatives aimed at maximising accessibility to ASGs both within countries and individual veterinary practices are recommended. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

The effects of collagen peptides on muscle damage, inflammation and bone turnover following exercise: a randomized, controlled trial

This study examined whether consuming collagen peptides (CP) before and after strenuous exercise alters markers of muscle damage, inflammation and bone turnover. Using a double-blind, independent group's design, 24 recreationally active males consumed either 20 g day-1 of CP or a placebo control (CON) for 7 days before and 2 days after performing 150 drop jumps. Maximal isometric voluntary contractions, countermovement jumps (CMJ), muscle soreness (200 mm visual analogue scale), pressure pain threshold, Brief Assessment of Mood Adapted (BAM +) and a range of blood markers associated with muscle damage, inflammation and bone turnover C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX) and N-terminal propeptides of type 1 pro-collagen (P1NP) were measured before supplementation (baseline; BL), pre, post, 1.5, 24 and 48 h post-exercise. Muscle soreness was not significantly different in CP and CON (P = 0.071) but a large effect size was evident at 48 h post-exercise, indicative of lower soreness in the CP group (90.42 ± 45.33 mm vs. CON 125.67 ± 36.50 mm; ES = 2.64). CMJ height recovered quicker with CP than CON at 48 h (P = 0.050; CP 89.96 ± 12.85 vs. CON 78.67 ± 14.41% of baseline values; ES = 0.55). There were no statistically significant effects for the other dependent variables (P > 0.05). β-CTX and P1NP were unaffected by CP supplementation (P > 0.05). In conclusion, CP had moderate benefits for the recovery of CMJ and muscle soreness but had no influence on inflammation and bone collagen synthesis

Not just for romance: applications of speed dating in social work education

In this article we address how a contemporary adaptation of the \u27speed dating\u27 model was used for educational purposes with two cohorts of social work students. We outline the dimensions of \u27speed dating\u27 as a contemporary social phenomenon, then address how this model relates specifically to groupwork process, and can be used to facilitate social work student learning. The curriculum for two classroom group activities using the \u27speed dating\u27 model are outlined, the first to develop university level study skills, the second for debriefing field placement learning experiences. Finally we examine why the \u27speed dating\u27 metaphor was successful in provoking a playful yet constructively creative space for students to engage in groupwork process.<br /