TAXATION - PUBLIC UTILITIES - IMPLIED CONDITION IN UTILITY FRANCHISE OF TAX EXEMPTION

In 1917 the city of New York and the New York Municipal Railway Corporation, predecessor in interest of the appellant, the New York Rapid Transit Corporation, entered into a contract for the operation of part of the city\u27s transit system. The Transit Corporation was thereby obligated to furnish its services for a five cent fare, which by city charter provision could not be changed without the approval on referendum of a majority of the qualified voters. Other relevant portions of the contract provided that the corporation should pay all taxes upon its property and taxes incurred in connection with the operation of the railways, and for the disposition and allocation of the gross receipts from the enterprise between the contracting parties. Subsequently the city imposed a franchise tax upon the corporation measured by a percentage of the gross receipts. The corporation contended that this impaired the obligation of the contract with the city. Held, that since no express provision exempted the corporation from taxation, the contract was not impaired. New York Rapid Transit Corp. v. City of New York, 303 U. S. 573, 58 S. Ct. 721 (1938)

An experimental study of the reaction Al^27(d,n)Si^28

Due to scanner error, pages 130 and 131 were scanned together, obscuring page 131. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityThe neutron spectrum and angular distributions of neutron groups from the reaction Al^27 (d,n)Si^28 were obtained by the method of proton recoils in nuclear emulsions. A thin aluminum target was bombarded with 2.16 Mev deuterons from the M. I. T. Rockefeller Van de Graaff generator, and neutrons were detected by means of 400 micron Ilford C-2 emulsions placed at nine angles to the incident beam. The plates were scanned with a Leitz binocular microscope equipped with a moving stage, at 1000 magnification. Neutron spectra were obtained at eight angles; O°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, and 120°. A total of 12,500 tracks was scanned. Excited states of Si^28 were obtained from these measurements at 1.78 ± 0.10, 4.54 ± 0.2, 4.95 ± 0.2, 6.24 ± 0.06, 6.88 ± 0.06, 7.39 ± 0.06, 7.89 ± 0.06, 8.31 ± 0.10, 8.57 ± 0.08, 9.37 ± 0.04, 10.00 ± 0.10, and 10.25 ± 0.06 Mev. The cross-section for formation of the 9.37 state at 0° is 1O.1 millibarns per steradian, within a factor of two. A second bombardment for the same reaction was made with a bombarding energy of 6.00 Mev at the M. I. T. -0. N. R. Van de Graaff generator, in order to obtain valid stripping angular distributions. 400 micron Ilford C-2 emulsions were used as before, and were placed at nine angles to the incident beam, at 15° intervals, from 0° to 135°. Neutron spectra were obtained at six of these angles by the methods described above. The angular distributions obtained were compared with the Butler stripping theory in order to obtain the parities and limits on the spins of the states in Si^28 which were reached in the reaction. The angular distributions of neutron groups corresponding to the levels at 1.78, 6.24, 7.90, 8.57, and 9.39 Mev states are adequately described by l=0 distributions. If these groups correspond to more than one unresolved level, as is the case with the 8.57 Mev state, then the spin and parity of the level whose crosssection is largest is 2^+ or 3^+. The angular distribution of the unresolved states at 4.5 and 5.0 Mev was obtained, and the principal peak matches a Butler l=1 distribution. One of the states at 4.5 and 5.0 Mev thus has odd parity, and a spin of l, 2, 3, or 4. Because of deviation from the l distribution at higher angles it is quite possible that the other state has an angular distribution corresponding to l-=2 or 3. The states at 6.88 and 7.39 Mev were poorly resolved, and did not fit Butler distributions very well. The 7.39 state has a distribution which may be either l=1 or l=2, and the 6.88 state distribution may be l=0 or l=l, with l=1 more likely. It is quite possible that the groups corresponding to these "states" are actually composite groups of unresolved states in Si^28. An l=2 distribution was obtained for the ground state of Si^28 as expected. The cross-section for formation of the 9.39 Mev state of Si^28 at 0° at 2.16 Mev born barding energy is 10.1 ± 5 millibarns per steradian, and at 6.00 Mev bombarding energy 30.6 ± 8 millibarns per steradian. The angular distributions obtained from this exposure followed the Butler predictions quite closely, out to the largest angles studied. The angular distributions obtained at the 2.16 Mev bombarding energy showed poor agreement with the predictions of the Butler stripping theory, which is not expected to be valid in this energy region. The angular distributions of the levels at 6.24, 8.28, 8.57, and 9.39 Mev excitation showed the typically forward stripping distribution, but had isotropic backgrounds and a considerable cross-section at backward angles. The angular distributions of the remainder of the levels were isotropic within statistics. A thorough analysis of the low bombarding energy angular distributions has not been carried out, but it is suggested that a comparison with the stripping theories of Tobocman and Kalas, and of Dabrowski, would be of value. B^11(p,n)C^11 A thin target of isotopic boron has been bombarded with 7.03 Mev protons. The neutrons from the B^11(p,n)C^11 reaction, studied by means of nuclear emulsions, indicate an excited state of C at 2.01 ± 0.06 Mev. P^31(p,n)S^31 The react10n P ^31(p,n)S^31 has been studied at Ep=17.2 Mev. The p energy spectrum of the neutrons was determined by means of proton recoil measurements in nuclear emulsions. The mass excess, M - A, of S^31 was calculated to be -10.04 ± 0.20 Mev. Excited states of S^31 have been located at 1.15 ± 0.15, 2.28 ± 0.20, 3.35 ± 0.20, 4.51 ± 0.15, 5.94 ± 0.30, and 6.41 ± 0.20 Mev

Towards an Interaction-Centered and Dynamically Constructed Episodic Memory for Social Robots

Hassan T, Kopp S. Towards an Interaction-Centered and Dynamically Constructed Episodic Memory for Social Robots. In: Companion of the 2020 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI ’20 Companion). New York: ACM; 2020.This paper outlines an interaction-centered and dynamically constructed episodic memory for social robots, in order to enable naturalistic, social human-robot interaction. The proposed model includes a record of multi-timescale events stored in the event history, a record of multi-timescale interval definitions stored as interaction episodes, and a set of links associating specific elements of the two records. The event history is constructed dynamically, depending on the occurrence of internal and external events. The interaction episodes are defined on the basis of robot-initiated and user-initiated interactions. The episodic memory is realised within a social human-robot interaction architecture, whose components generate events pertaining to the context and state of interaction

Tetra­aqua­(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione-κ2 N,N′)cobalt(II) dinitrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Co(C12H6N2O2)(H2O)4](NO3)2, consists of a CoII complex cation with twofold rotational symmetry and two nitrate anions. The CoII atom has a distorted octa­hedral geometry with the basal plane occupied by two 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione N atoms and two aqua O atoms, with the other two aqua ligands in axial positions. The aqua ligands are involved in extensive hydrogen bonding to nitrate and 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione O atoms

(E)-1,2-Bis(4-methyl­phen­yl)ethane-1,2-dione

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C16H14O2, a substituted benzil, the dicarbonyl unit has an s-trans conformation. This conformation is substanti­ated by the O—C—C—O torsion angle of 108.16 (15)°. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 72.00 (6)°. In the crystal structure, neighbouring mol­ecules are linked together by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak inter­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions. In addition, the crystal structure is further stabilized by inter­molecular π–π inter­actions with centroid–centroid distances in the range 3.6000 (8)–3.8341 (8) Å

Searching for super-WIMPs in leptonic heavy meson decays

We study constraints on the models of bosonic super-weakly interacting particle (super-WIMP) dark matter (DM) with DM masses $m_X \sim \mathcal{O}(1 - 100)$ keV from leptonic decays $M\rightarrow \ell \bar{\nu}_\ell + X$, where $M=B^\pm, D^\pm, D_s^\pm$ is a heavy meson state. We focus on two cases where $X$ denotes either a light pseudoscalar (axion-like), or a light vector state that couples to the standard model (SM) through kinetic mixing. We note that for a small DM mass these decays are separately sensitive to DM couplings to quarks, but not its mass.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures, 6 table

3,4-Diamino­pyridinium hydrogen succinate

In the title compound, C5H8N3 +·C4H5O4 −, the pyridine N atom of the 3,4-diamino­pyridine mol­ecule is protonated. The protonated N atom participates in an N—H⋯O hydrogen bond to a succinate O atom of the singly deprotonated succinate anion. Each of the two amino groups are hydrogen-bonded to the O atoms of two different sets of succinate groups.. The crystal structure is further stabilized by O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

4-Amino-3-ammonio­pyridinium dinitrate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C5H9N3 2+·2NO3 −, the cations and anions are connected by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. The crystal structure is further stabilized by π⋯π inter­actions between pyridinium rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.775 (4) Å]