O Brasil é realmente um país polarizado? Análise das eleições presidenciais de 1989 a 2018

We analyze the eight Brazilian presidential elections of the post-military dictatorship period, given the central role they played in the organization of our Coalition Presidentialism. We investigate the electoral and geographic polarization in these elections, their characteristics and dynamics, analyzing with spatial statistics the voting in the 5,570 municipalities. We found significant polarization in all of them. However, they vary in direction and intensity. There are two periods delimited by the 2002 election. There are also two trajectories, observed in more detail through statistics and maps of the electoral territories. The PT and PSDB parties have different dynamics throughout the series, but from 2006 onwards they remain geographically polarized with the same degree of intensity and with an upward trend. The PRN (Collor) and PSL (Bolsonaro) parties, at the extremes of the series, are protagonists of two atypical elections, with polarization and territorial alignment similar to those of the PSDB.Analisamos as oito eleições presidenciais brasileiras do período pós-ditadura militar, dado o papel central que ocupam na organização do nosso Presidencialismo de Coalizão. Investigamos a polarização eleitoral e geográfica nesses pleitos, suas características e dinâmica, analisando com estatísticas espaciais a votação nos 5.570 municípios. Encontramos uma polarização significativa em todas elas. No entanto, variam em sentido e intensidade. Há dois períodos delimitados pela eleição de 2002. Há também duas trajetórias, observadas com mais detalhamento através das estatísticas e dos mapas dos Territórios Eleitorais. PT e PSDB tem dinâmicas diferentes ao longo da série, mas a partir de 2006 seguem polarizados geograficamente com mesmo grau de intensidade e com tendência ascendente. PRN (Collor) e PSL (Bolsonaro), nos extremos da série, são protagonistas de duas eleições atípicas, e tem polarização e alinhamento territorial semelhantes aos do PSDB

CENTROS DE ATIVIDADES FÍSICAS E PROMOCÃO DE SAÚDE DURANTE A PANDEMIA DA COVID-19

Parece que esquemos que o mundo já enfrentara outras pandemias e, commaior ênfase, necessita combater outra pandemia, de natura diferente, representada pela inatividade física e hábito sedentário. De acordo com a OMS, somente no Brasil, doenças relacionadas ao sedentarismo matam 300 mil pessoas por ano e, no mundo, são aproximadamente 3,2 milhões de mortes anuais em decorrência desse comportamento prejudicial à saúde e qualidade de vida da população. Nesse sentido, questiona-se o porquê que, em alguns países do mundo, os centros de atividades físicas continuam fechados? Quando a própria OMS incentiva a manutenção da prática regular de atividades físicas como estratégia de promoção de saúde. Dessa forma, o referido ponto de vista tem como objetivo principal elucidar, através de evidências científicas, a importância e possibilidades de reabertura de centros de atividades físicas outdoor e indoor, visando à melhoria e manutenção da saúde e da qualidade de vida da população

Granites of the intracontinental termination of a magmatic arc : an example from the Ediacaran Ara?ua? orogen, southeastern Brazil.

The Ara?ua? orogen of southeastern Brazil together with the West Congo belt of central West Africa form the Ara?ua??West Congo orogen generated during closure of a terminal segment of the Neoproterozoic Adamastor Ocean. Corresponding to an embayment in the S?o Francisco?Congo Craton, this portion of the Adamastor was only partially floored by oceanic crust. The convergence of its margins led to the development of the Rio Doce magmatic arc between 630 Ma and 580 Ma. The Rio Doce magmatic arc terminates in the northern portion of the Ara?ua? orogen. Granitic plutons exposed in the northern extremity of the arc provide a rare opportunity to studymagmatismat arc terminations, and to understand the interplay between calc-alkalinemagma production and crustal recycling. The plutons forming the terminus of the arc consist of granodiorites, tonalites and monzogranites similar to a magnesian, slightly peraluminous, calcic- (68%) to calc-alkaline (24%), with minor alkali-calcic (8%) facies, medium- to high-K magmatic series. Although marked by negative Nb?Ta, Sr and Ti anomalies, typically associatedwith subduction-relatedmagmas, the combined Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic data characterize a crustal signature related to anatexis of metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks, rather than fractional crystallization of mantle-derived magmas. Zircon U?Pb ages characterizes two groups of granitoids. The older group, crystallized between 630 and 590 Ma, experienced a migmatization event at ca. 585 Ma. The younger granitoids, emplaced between 570 and 590 Ma, do not show any evidence for migmatization. Most of the investigated samples show good correlation with the experimental compositional field of amphibolite dehydration-melting, with some samples plotting into the field of greywacke dehydration-melting. The studied rocks are not typical I-type or S-type granites, being particularly similar to transitional I/S-type granitoids described in the Ordovician Famatinian arc (NW Argentina). We suggest a hybrid model involving dehydrationmelting of meta-igneous (amphibolites) and metasedimentary (greywackes) rocks for magma production in the northern termination of the Rio Doce arc. The real contribution of each end-member is, however, a challenging work still to be done

Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.  Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities.   Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.  The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.  The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.     Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.    Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz.&nbsp

Charnockites from southearstern Minas Gerais : the magmatic arc granulitic roots of the Araçuaí Orogen.

Os orógenos Araçuaí e Ribeira constituem sistema orogênico neoproterozóico-cambriano que se es-tende da borda oriental do Cráton do São Francisco até o Oceano Atlântico, a sul do paralelo 15°. A zona de fronteira entre esses orógenos situa-se em torno do paralelo 21°. A região meridional do Orógeno Araçuaí, no sudeste de Minas Gerais, é caracterizada pela exposição de rochas metamórficas de alto grau, ortoderivadas e paraderivadas, refletindo o profundo nível crustal ali exposto. Uma associação de rochas charnockíticas máficas a félsicas, metamorfisadas na fácies granulito, recebeu a designação de Suíte Divino. Esta tem características de série cálcio-alcalina expandida, metaluminosa a ligeiramente peraluminosa, com padrão de elementos traços ca¬racterístico de magmatismo de arco de margem continental. A assinatura isotópica de Nd evidencia significativo envolvimento de fusões derivadas do embasamento paleoproterozóico. Datações U-Pb (LA-ICPMS) de rochas da Suíte Divino (592±7 Ma e 603±4 Ma) indicam idade compatível com o estágio pré-colisional (acrescionário) do orógeno. Desta forma, sugere-se que a Suíte Divino representa a raiz granulítica do arco magmático do Orógeno Araçuaí, cuja eventual continuidade para sul seria importante elo de ligação com o Orógeno Ribeira.The Araçuaí and Ribeira orogens are a Cambrian-Neoproterozoic belt that extends from the eastern edge of the San Francisco craton to the Atlantic Ocean, south of parallel 15 °. The connection between these orogens is roughly situated along the 21 ° S parallel. High-grade metamorphic rocks are exposed in the southern Araçuaí Belt, SE Minas Gerais, reflecting a deep crustal level. The Divino Suite comprises mafic- to felsisc charnockites, metamorphosed in granulite facies, interpreted as an expanded calc-alkaline suite metalu¬minous to slightly peraluminous. Chemical and Nd isotopic signatures suggest the Divino Suite evolved in a con¬tinental magmatic-arc setting, and also that Paleoproterozoic basement was a major source for parental magmas. U-Pb dating of charnockite samples (592±7, and 603±4 Ma) indicates the suite is coeval with the pre-collisional stage of Araçuaí Orogen evolution, and probably represents the magmatic arc granulitic roots. The southward extent of this arc is of great importance in order to unveil the link between Araçuaí and Ribeira orogens

A suture–related accretionary wedge formed in the Neoproterozoic Araçuaí orogen (SE Brazil) during Western Gondwanaland assembly.

The Araçuaí orogen represents a branch of the Brasiliano orogenic system developed between the São Francisco and Congo cratons in Neoproterozoic time.Weconducted detailed studies on a complex schist belt located to the west of the Rio Doce magmatic arc, along the assumed suture zone of the Araçuaí orogen. This 30 km-wide and 100 km-long, NS-trending belt includes pelitic schists with intercalations of quartzites, metaultramafic schists and diopsidites, intruded by collisional granites. U–Pb ages from detrital zircon grains point to distinct provenances for different portions of the schist belt. The lower succession shows an age spectra and maximum depositional age (819 Ma) similar to passive margin deposits of the precursor basin. The upper succession yielded a maximumdeposition age around 600 Ma, pointing toward the Rio Doce arc as the main sediment source. Thrust to thewest onto the Guanhães basement and separated on the east fromthe Ediacaran Rio Doce magmatic arc by reverse–dextral faults, the schist belt exhibits the architecture of an asymmetric flower structure developed in transpressional regime. The distribution of metamorphic assemblages across the schist belt characterizes a collisional, Barrovian-type metamorphic zoning, in which the sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite and garnet zones are locally duplicated by thrusts. P–T conditions range from 700 °C at 7.5 kbar, at the western base of the pile, to 550 °C at 5.5 kbar, at the eastern top of the package. Zircon U–Pb ages record metamorphic overprinting on the sheared top of the basement at 560 ± 20 Ma and crystallization of collisional granites at 544 ± 10 Ma. Our results allow us to interpret the schist belt as a suture-related accretionary wedge and suggest that basin closure during the assembly ofWest Gondwanaland lasted to the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary in the Araçuaí orogen

Idade máxima de sedimentação e proveniência do Complexo Jequitinhonha na área-tipo (Orógeno Araçuaí) : primeiros dados U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) de grãos detríticos de zircão.

O Complexo Jequitinhonha, situado no nordeste de Minas Gerais, é uma das unidades metassedimentares mais extensas do Orógeno Araçuaí. Na área-tipo, situada na região de Jequitinhonha -Almenara, este complexo consiste de paragnaisse peraluminoso (kinzigítico) migmatizado, com intercalações de quartzito, grafita gnaisse e rocha calcissilicática. Os dados isotópicos U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) de 80 grãos detríticos de zircão de uma amostra de quartzito, coletada em corte da BR-367 cerca de 12 km a SW de Almenara, permitem identificar seis principais intervalos de idades, cujas médias das modas sugerem as seguintes fontes de sedimentos: o embasamento São Francisco-Congo (2541 ± 8 Ma e 2044 ± 6 Ma), o sistema Espinhaço-Chapada Diamantina (1819 ± 6 Ma, 1487 ± 5 Ma e 1219 ± 3 Ma) e o sistema de rifteamento Noqui-Zadiniano-Mayumbiano-Salto da Divisa (956 ± 4 Ma). A idade máxima de sedimentação em 898 ± 8 Ma é dada pelo zircão mais novo. Os espectros de idades desta amostra do Complexo Jequitinhonha e de rochas do Grupo Macaúbas são muito similares, indicando correlação entre estas unidades. Contudo, no Complexo Jequitinhonha inexiste evidência de glaciação. Assim, o Complexo Jequitinhonha na área-tipo é interpretado como depósito de margem passiva da bacia precursora do Orógeno Araçuaí, mais novo que a glaciação Macaúbas e, portanto, equivalente às formações Chapada Acauã Superior e Ribeirão da Folha.The Jequitinhonha Complex is one of the most extensive metasedimentary units of the Araçuaí Orogen. In the type-area, located in the Jequitinhonha-Almenara region, this complex includes migmatized peraluminous (kinzigitic) paragneiss with intercalations of quartzite, graphite gneiss and calcsilicate rock. U-Pb (LA-ICP-MS) data from 80 detrital zircon grains extracted from a quartzite sample, collected in a BR-367 road cut around 12 km SW from Almenara, yielded six main age intervals, which mode mean values suggest the following sediment sources: the São Francisco-Congo basement (2541 ± 8 Ma and 2044 ± 6 Ma), the Espinhaço-Chapada Diamantina system (1819 ± 6 Ma, 1487 ± 5 Ma and 1219 ± 3 Ma), and the Noqui-Zadinian-Mayumbian-Salto da Divisa rift system (956 ± 4 Ma). The maximum sedimentation age of 898 ± 8 Ma is constrained by the youngest zircon grain. Spectra of detrital zircon ages for this sample of the Jequitinhonha Complex and rocks of the Macaúbas Group are very similar and suggest a correlation between these units. However, this complex shows no evidence of glaciation. Therefore, the Jequitinhonha Complex in its type-area is interpreted as a passive margin deposit of the precursor basin of the Araçuaí Orogen, younger than the Macaúbas glaciation and, thus, equivalent of the Upper Chapada Acauã and Ribeirão da Folha formations

An Early Tonian rifting event affecting the S?o Francisco-Congo paleocontinent recorded by the Lower Maca?bas Group, Ara?ua? Orogen, SE Brazil.

After it had been assembled in the very early Orosirian, the western S?o Francisco?Congo Paleocontinent experienced several rifting events since the Statherian (ca. 1750 Ma) to Cryogenian (ca. 700 Ma). Records of anorogenic magmatism and/or associated sedimentation from those events have been found in the Neoproterozoic Ara?ua??West Congo orogenic system (AWCO), located between the S?o Francisco (eastern Brazil) and Congo (central Africa) cratons. Based on detailed field studies and data from lithochemistry, zircon and titanite U-Pb dating, whole-rock Nd and Hf-in-zircon isotopic analyses, we characterize a previously poorly described Early Tonian, rift-related, volcano-sedimentary succession in order to decipher the evolution of the AWCO precursor basins. That volcano-sedimentary succession, found in the Capelinha Formation type-area, now assigned to the Lower Maca?bas Group, includes quartzites with lenses of ortho-amphibolite (metabasalt) covered by pelitic schists. Zircon grains from ortho-amphibolite samples yielded ages of 957 ? 14 Ma and 576 ? 13 Ma, constraining their magmatic crystallization and regional metamorphism, respectively. These mafic rock show ?Nd(t) from ?3.64 to +0.21 and Nd TDM ages from ca. 1.4 to ca. 1.7 Ga. Positive covariation of FeOtot/MgO + FeOtot, TiO2, P2O5, V and Zr, enrichment in light rare earth elements, slightly positive Eu/Eu* anomaly and depletion of high field-strenght elements, suggest tholeiitic protolith related to a continental rifting setting. The metasedimentary rocks show broad spectra of detrital zircon ages from the Early Tonian (ca. 940 Ma) to Paleoarchean, with wide-ranging ?Hf values from predominantly negative (as low as ?10.76) to positive (+9.94), evoking well-known sediment sources in the S?o Francisco?Congo Paleocontinent. The youngest age peak (949 ? 12 Ma) constrains a maximum sedimentation age coeval with the basaltic volcanism represented by the ortho-amphibolite. The Capelinha volcano-sedimentary succession nearly correlates in age and origin with other anorogenic units (e.g., Ilh?us and Pedro Lessa dike swarms, Salto da Divisa granitic suite, Gangila basaltic and Mayumbian felsic volcanisms) found in a large region covered by the AWCO and neighbouring cratonic region. However, the Capelinha magmatism seems to preceed by some 20?30 m.y. the main peak (930?900 Ma) of this Early Tonian anorogenic magmatism, suggesting a long-lived and complex rift system

A zona quente do retroarco do Or?geno Ara?ua?, Brasil Oriental : da sedimenta??o ? gera??o de granitos.

Este artigo apresenta novos dados litoqu?micos e geocronol?gicos obtidos de rochas gn?issicas e gran?ticas da zona de retroarco situada imediatamente a leste do Arco Rio Doce (630 ? 580 Ma), no or?geno Ara?ua?. O Complexo Nova Ven?cia ? a mais importante fonte de fus?es gran?ticas peraluminosas na regi?o. Este complexo consiste, essencialmente, de paragnaisses peraluminosos migmat?ticos que variam entre gnaisses ricos em biotita e cordierita-granulitos livres de biotita, cujos protolitos foram sedimentos grauvaquianos. Uma se??o E-W no setor norte do retroarco revela uma zona rica em cordierita-granulito, na base, seguida por paragnaisses migmat?ticos do Complexo Nova Ven?cia que passam, gradativamente, a granitos foliados ricos em enclaves de rochas metassedimentares (Su?te Atal?ia), os quais est?o sobrepostos pelo Bat?lito Carlos Chagas. Ao sul deste bat?lito, rochas a hercinita e ortopirox?nio s?o frequ?entes no Complexo Nova Ven?cia e Su?te Atal?ia, indicando n?vel crustal mais profundo. Nossos dados U-Pb evidenciam que processos anat?ticos tiveram in?cio no Complexo Nova Ven?cia ainda durante o desenvolvimento do Arco Rio Doce, em torno de 590 Ma, originando fus?es gran?ticas relacionadas ? Su?te Atal?ia. A progressiva produ??o de magma gran?tico e sua acumula??o atingiram o cl?max no intervalo 575 Ma, em pleno est?gio sincolisional, resultando na edifica??o do Bat?lito Carlos Chagas. Em torno de 545 ? 530 Ma, adveio novo processo anat?tico, que originou granada-cordierita leucogranitos a partir da fus?o parcial de granitos da Su?te Atal?ia e Bat?lito Carlos Chagas. Finalmente, um marcante plutonismo p?s-colisional (520?480 Ma) do tipo I causou importante re-aquecimento regional. Esta longa hist?ria (ca. 110 Ma) de produ??o de magmas gran?ticos na zona de retroarco requer diferentes fontes de calor, tais como ascen??o astenosf?rica sob a regi?o de retroarco durante o est?gio pr?-colisional, cavalgamento da base quente do arco sobre o retroarco, libera??o de calor radiog?nico da pilha crustal espessada no est?gio colisional e, finalmente, ascen??o astenosf?rica durante o colapso gravitacional do Or?geno Ara?ua?.This article presents new lithochemical and geochronological data obtained from gneisses and granites occurring in the region located to the east of the Rio Doce calc-alkaline arc (630 ? 580 Ma), which corresponds to the back-arc basin of the Ara?ua? orogen. The Nova Ven?cia Complex, represents the most fertile source of peraluminous granitic melts in the studied back-arc zone. It mostly consists of migmatitic Al-rich paragneisses, ranging from biotite-rich gneisses to biotite-free cordierite-rich granulites, whose main protoliths were graywacky sediments. An EW-oriented section across the northern back-arc region reveals a zone rich in cordierite granulites of the Nova Ven?cia Complex at the base, followed by migmatites that gradually pass to the Atal?ia foliated granites rich in metasedimentary enclaves, which in turn lay beneath the Carlos Chagas batholith. To the south of the Carlos Chagas batholith, orthopyroxene-bearing rocks often occur in both the Nova Ven?cia Complex and the Atal?ia Suite, suggesting a deeper crustal level. Our U-Pb data suggest that melting processes started on the Nova Ven?cia Complex during the late development of the Rio Doce arc, around 590 Ma, forming autochthonous peraluminous melts related to the Atal?ia Suite. Progressive anatexis and melt accumulation attained the climax around 575 Ma, leading to the development of the syn-collisional Carlos Chagas batholith. Around 545 ? 530 Ma, a late to post-collisional anatectic episode formed garnet-cordierite leucogranites, mostly from the re-melting of the Atal?ia and Carlos Chagas granites. A remarkable post-collisional plutonism caused widesperead re-heating of the back-arc domain from ca. 520 Ma to 480 Ma. This long lasting history (ca. 110 Ma) of granite generation in the back-arc zone requires distinct heat sources, such as asthenosphere ascent under the back-arc region in the pre-collisional stage, thrust stacking of the hot arc onto the back-arc, radiogenic heat release from the collisional thickened crust and, finally, asthenosphere uprising during the gravitational collapse of the Ara?ua? orogen