70 research outputs found

    Vector competence of Aedes vexans (Meigen), Culex poicilipes (Theobald) and Cx. quinquefasciatus Say from Senegal for West and East African lineages of Rift Valley fever virus

    Get PDF
    Background Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV; Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) is a mosquito–borne, zoonotic pathogen. In Senegal, RVFV was first isolated in 1974 from Aedes dalzieli (Theobald) and thereafter from Ae. fowleri (de Charmoy), Ae. ochraceus Theobald, Ae. vexans (Meigen), Culex poicilipes (Theobald), Mansonia africana (Theobald) and Ma. uniformis (Theobald). However, the vector competence of these local species has never been demonstrated making hypothetical the transmission cycle proposed for West Africa based on serological data and mosquito isolates. Methods Aedes vexans and Cx. poicilipes, two common mosquito species most frequently associated with RVFV in Senegal, and Cx. quinquefasciatus, the most common domestic species, were assessed after oral feeding with three RVFV strains of the West and East/central African lineages. Fully engorged mosquitoes (420 Ae. vexans, 563 Cx. quinquefasciatus and 380 Cx. poicilipes) were maintained at 27 ± 1 °C and 70–80 % relative humidity. The saliva, legs/wings and bodies were tested individually for the RVFV genome using real-time RT-PCR at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days post exposure (dpe) to estimate the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. Genotypic characterisation of the 3 strains used were performed to identify factors underlying the different patterns of transmission. Results The infection rates varied between 30.0–85.0 % for Ae. vexans, 3.3–27 % for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 8.3–46.7 % for Cx. poicilipes, and the dissemination rates varied between 10.5–37 % for Ae. vexans, 9.5–28.6 % for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 3.0–40.9 % for Cx. poicilipes. However only the East African lineage was transmitted, with transmission rates varying between 13.3–33.3 % in Ae. vexans, 50 % in Cx. quinquefasciatus and 11.1 % in Cx. poicilipes. Culex mosquitoes were less susceptible to infection than Ae. vexans. Compared to other strains, amino acid variation in the NSs M segment proteins of the East African RVFV lineage human-derived strain SH172805, might explain the differences in transmission potential. Conclusion Our findings revealed that all the species tested were competent for RVFV with a significant more important role of Ae. vexans compared to Culex species and a highest potential of the East African lineage to be transmitted

    Les maladies chroniques non transmissibles chez les militaires sénégalais: étude transversale en 2013

    Get PDF
    Introduction: Les maladies chroniques non transmissibles (MCNT) constituent un problĂšme de santĂ© publique. La transition Ă©pidĂ©miologique coexiste avec les maladies infectieuses. En Afrique  subsaharienne, leur ampleur est peu connue et l'OMS recommande aux pays Ă  faible et moyen revenu de rĂ©aliser des enquĂȘtes STEPS portant sur les comportements, des mesures physiques et biochimiques.  L'absence de donnĂ©es au niveau national justifie cette Ă©tude auprĂšs d'un groupe spĂ©cifique. L'objectif de l'Ă©tude Ă©tait de dĂ©terminer la prĂ©valence des MCNT et de leurs facteurs de risque chez les militaires  SĂ©nĂ©galais.MĂ©thodes: Une enquĂȘte transversale a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e incluant les militaires ĂągĂ©s de 25 Ă  60 ans. La participation Ă©tait volontaire et l'accord des autoritĂ©s hiĂ©rarchiques a prĂ©alablement Ă©tĂ© obtenu. Un sondage stratifiĂ© Ă  deux niveaux a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© permettant d'avoir un Ă©chantillon ajustĂ© de 1513 individus. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© saisies avec le logiciel EPI Info 6 et analysĂ©es Ă  l'aide de R. Un score de risque a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ© sur la base de cinq facteurs. RĂ©sultats: Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires concernent 1125 personnes. L'Ăąge moyen Ă©tait de 39,7 ±9,1 ans et le sex-ratio de 28,6. La prĂ©valence du tabagisme actif Ă©tait de 17,3% et ne variait pas significativement entre les diffĂ©rentes catĂ©gories d'Ăąge. L'Ăąge moyen auquel ils ont commencĂ© Ă  fumer Ă©tait de 20,8 ±4,05 ans. La consommation mĂ©diane de fruits et lĂ©gumes Ă©tait de l'ordre de 4 par jour et seulement 5,7% des enquĂȘtĂ©s prenaient au moins 5 portions par jour. Environs 72% des enquĂȘtĂ©s avaient une activitĂ© physique intense ou modĂ©rĂ©e. Les prĂ©valences de la surcharge pondĂ©rale, de l'HTA et du diabĂšte Ă©taient de 30,5%, 28,4% et 3,0% respectivement alors que la maladie rĂ©nale chronique Ă©tait retrouvĂ©e chez un seul cas. Le calcul du score de risque cardiovasculaire a montrĂ© que 39,1% des militaires Ă©taient Ă  risque Ă©levĂ© (≄3 facteurs de risque) et que ce dernier  augmentait avec l'Ăąge. Conclusion: La prĂ©valence Ă©levĂ©e des MCNT dans ce groupe particulier laisse prĂ©sager de l'ampleur dans la population gĂ©nĂ©rale. De ce point de vue, il est urgent de mettre en place un programme de prĂ©vention primaire et de dĂ©pistage pour anticiper les lourdes consĂ©quences liĂ©es Ă  ces maladies.Key words: EpidĂ©miologie, maladies non-transmissibles, militaires, SĂ©nĂ©ga

    Prise en charge de l’hematome extradural a Dakar. A propos de 40 cas

    Get PDF
    Introduction L’hĂ©matome extradural est une affection rare mais grave car engage rapidement le pronostic vital. Il s’agit d’une urgence thĂ©rapeutique nĂ©cessitant par consĂ©quent une prise en charge rapide.Objectif L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer les aspects Ă©pidĂ©miologiques, diagnostiques et thĂ©rapeutiques de l’hĂ©matome extradural depuis l’avĂšnement du scanner dans notre pays.Patients et mĂ©thode Il s’agit d’une Ă©tude rĂ©trospective multicentrique rĂ©alisĂ©e dans quatre de nos hĂŽpitaux durant une pĂ©riode de huit ans, de juillet 1994 Ă  juin 2002. Nous avons pu collecter 40 dossiers de patients traumatisĂ©s cranioencĂ©phaliques prĂ©sentant un hĂ©matome extradural Ă  la tomodensitomĂ©trie cĂ©rĂ©brale.RĂ©sultats Sur 1296 patients ayant consultĂ© pour un traumatisme cranio-encĂ©phalique toute gravitĂ© confondue, 40 ont prĂ©sentĂ© un hĂ©matome extra dural soit 3,09%. L’age moyen Ă©tait de 26.1 ans avec une frĂ©quence maximale entre 11 et 20 ans. Le sex. Ratio est de 9.1. Les accidents de la voie publique reprĂ©sentent l’étiologie la plus frĂ©quente avec 55% des cas. Le dĂ©lai de consultation est long avec une moyenne de 2 Ă  3 jours. L’examen clinique retrouve des signes d’hypertension intracrĂąnienne chez 87,5% des patients, un dĂ©ficit moteur chez 30% des patients, des troubles de la conscience dans 55% des cas. Les rĂ©sultats scannographiques ont montrĂ© une localisation temporo pariĂ©tale prĂ©dominante (72,5%) . 87,5% des patients ont bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d’une prise en charge chirurgicale. L’évolution est favorable dans 75% des cas. Nous avons notĂ© 20% de mortalitĂ©.Conclusion L’hĂ©matome extradural constitue l’urgence neurochirurgicale type. Son pronostic est bon si traitĂ© prĂ©cocement

    Cancer de la prostate au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Aristidie Le Dantec de Dakar : aspects épidemiologiques sur les cinq derniÚres années: Prostate cancer in Aristide Le Dantec hospital of Dakar: epidemiological aspects over the last five years

    Get PDF
    Context and objective. Prostate cancer represents a major public health issue, but data from sub-Saharan Africa are scarce. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological aspects of prostate cancer during the last five years in Aristide Le Decantec hospital of Dakar. Methods. it’s a retrospective and descriptive study involving 5 last years including all patients with histologically confirmed prostate cancer. The studied parameters were: prevalence, incidence, age, clinical stage, lethality and death rate. Results. Two hundred and thirty-three patients were enrolled. The prevalence of prostate cancer during the study period was 0.8%. Depending on the stage, metastatic cancer was the most common form with 45.9% of cases. The new cases were 199 with an average of 39.8 per year. The total incidence of prostate cancer over the study period was 0.7%. The mean age of the patients at the diagnosis time was 68.6 ± 9.2 years. The lethality was 0.5%. The global death rate was 0.9 ‰. The specific death rate was 0.9‰. The annual mortality rate was higher in 2017 (36.4%) compared to other years. Depending on the stage, the death rate was higher in metastatic stages patients. Conclusion. The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing in our medical center. Metastatic forms remain more common with higher death rate. Early detection campaigns for prostate cancer should be considered. Contexte et objectif. Le cancer de la prostate reprĂ©sente un enjeu majeur de santĂ© publique et mais il reste trĂšs peu documentĂ© en Afrique subsaharienne. L’objectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait d’évaluer les aspects Ă©pidĂ©miologiques du cancer de la prostate sur les 5 derniĂšres annĂ©es dans notre centre. MĂ©thodes. Il s’agissait d’une Ă©tude documentaire et descriptive sur 5 ans ayant colligĂ© les dossiers de tous les patients avec cancer de la prostate histologiquement confirmĂ©. Les paramĂštres Ă©tudiĂ©s Ă©taient : la prĂ©valence, l’incidence, l’ñge, le stade clinique, la lĂ©talitĂ© et la mortalitĂ©. RĂ©sultats. Deux cent trente-trois patients ont Ă©tĂ© retenus. La prĂ©valence du cancer de la prostate durant la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă©tait de 0,8%. En fonction du stade, le stade de cancer mĂ©tastatique Ă©tait prĂ©pondĂ©rant (45,9%). Les nouveaux cas Ă©taient de 199, soit une moyenne de 39,8 nouveaux cas par an. L’incidence totale du cancer de la prostate sur la pĂ©riode Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă©tait de 0,7%. L’ñge moyen des patients au moment du diagnostic Ă©tait de 68,6 ± 9,2 ans. Le taux lĂ©talitĂ© Ă©tait de 0,5%. La mortalitĂ© globale Ă©tait de 0,9‰. Le taux de mortalitĂ© annuelle Ă©tait plus important en 2017 (36,4%) en comparaison aux autres annĂ©es Ă©tudiĂ©es. En fonction du stade, le taux de mortalitĂ© Ă©tait plus important pour les stades mĂ©tastatiques. Conclusion. L’incidence du cancer de la prostate est en augmentation dans notre centre. Les formes mĂ©tastatiques restent prĂ©dominantes assombrissant le pronostic vital. Des campagnes de dĂ©pistage prĂ©coce du cancer de la prostate sont Ă  envisager

    Spatial and temporal dynamics of West Nile virus between Africa and Europe

    Get PDF
    It is unclear whether West Nile virus (WNV) circulates between Africa and Europe, despite numerous studies supporting an African origin and high transmission in Europe. We integrated genomic data with geographic observations and phylogenetic and phylogeographic inferences to uncover the spatial and temporal viral dynamics of WNV between these two continents. We focused our analysis towards WNV lineages 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), the most spatially widespread and pathogenic WNV lineages. Our study shows a Northern-Western African origin of L1, with back-and-forth exchanges between West Africa and Southern-Western Europe; and a Southern African origin of L2, with one main introduction from South Africa to Europe, and no back introductions observed. We also noticed a potential overlap between L1 and L2 Eastern and Western phylogeography and two Afro-Palearctic bird migratory flyways. Future studies linking avian and mosquito species susceptibility, migratory connectivity patterns, and phylogeographic inference are suggested to elucidate the dynamics of emerging viruse

    A New High-Throughput Tool to Screen Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Zika Virus Endemic/Epidemic Areas

    Get PDF
    International audienceMosquitoes are vectors of arboviruses affecting animal and human health. Arboviruses circulate primarily within an enzootic cycle and recurrent spillovers contribute to the emergence of human-adapted viruses able to initiate an urban cycle involving anthropophilic mosquitoes. The increasing volume of travel and trade offers multiple opportunities for arbovirus introduction in new regions. This scenario has been exemplified recently with the Zika pandemic. To incriminate a mosquito as vector of a pathogen, several criteria are required such as the detection of natural infections in mosquitoes. In this study, we used a high-throughput chip based on the BioMarkℱ Dynamic arrays system capable of detecting 64 arboviruses in a single experiment. A total of 17,958 mosquitoes collected in Zika-endemic/epidemic countries (Brazil, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Suriname, Senegal, and Cambodia) were analyzed. Here we show that this new tool can detect endemic and epidemic viruses in different mosquito species in an epidemic context. Thus, this fast and low-cost method can be suggested as a novel epidemiological surveillance tool to identify circulating arboviruses

    QUARITE (quality of care, risk management and technology in obstetrics): a cluster-randomized trial of a multifaceted intervention to improve emergency obstetric care in Senegal and Mali

    Get PDF
    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Maternal and perinatal mortality are major problems for which progress in sub-Saharan Africa has been inadequate, even though childbirth services are available, even in the poorest countries. Reducing them is the aim of two of the main Millennium Development Goals. Many initiatives have been undertaken to remedy this situation, such as the Advances in Labour and Risk Management (ALARM) International Program, whose purpose is to improve the quality of obstetric services in low-income countries. However, few interventions have been evaluated, in this context, using rigorous methods for analyzing effectiveness in terms of health outcomes. The objective of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of the ALARM International Program (AIP) in reducing maternal mortality in referral hospitals in Senegal and Mali. Secondary goals include evaluation of the relationships between effectiveness and resource availability, service organization, medical practices, and satisfaction among health personnel.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>This is an international, multi-centre, controlled cluster-randomized trial of a complex intervention. The intervention is based on the concept of evidence-based practice and on a combination of two approaches aimed at improving the performance of health personnel: 1) Educational outreach visits; and 2) the implementation of facility-based maternal death reviews.</p> <p>The unit of intervention is the public health facility equipped with a functional operating room. On the basis of consent provided by hospital authorities, 46 centres out of 49 eligible were selected in Mali and Senegal. Using randomization stratified by country and by level of care, 23 centres will be allocated to the intervention group and 23 to the control group. The intervention will last two years. It will be preceded by a pre-intervention one-year period for baseline data collection. A continuous clinical data collection system has been set up in all participating centres. This, along with the inventory of resources and the satisfaction surveys administered to the health personnel, will allow us to measure results before, during, and after the intervention. The overall rate of maternal mortality measured in hospitals during the post-intervention period (Year 4) is the primary outcome. The evaluation will also include cost-effectiveness.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>The QUARITE trial is registered on the Current Controlled Trials website under the number ISRCTN46950658 <url>http://www.controlled-trials.com/</url>.</p
    • 

    corecore