ANÁLISE DO TEMA VACINAÇÃO EM TRÊS COLEÇÕES DE LIVROS DIDÁTICOS DE BIOLOGIA DO ENSINO MÉDIO

A cobertura vacinal no Brasil diminuiu nos últimos anos e recursos para disseminar a importância da vacinação são necessários, destacando-se nesse contexto o livro didático (LD). O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar de que maneira a vacinação é abordada nos LD de Biologia do Ensino Médio (EM). Foi realizada a Análise de Conteúdo em três coleções distribuídas pelo Plano Nacional do Livro e do Material Didático (PNLD) para o triênio de 2018-2020. Em 45% das unidades de registro a vacinação é abordada como ferramenta de prevenção de doenças específicas. Apenas 24% das unidades de registro eram dedicadas à ênfase na saúde da coletividade. Notou-se a total ausência, em todas as coleções, de conteúdos relativos à segurança das vacinas ou efeitos adversos. Os resultados sugerem que os livros apresentam carência de conteúdo e argumentação que possibilitem aos alunos o desenvolvimento de senso crítico no que tange ao tema da vacinação

In utero ultrafine particulate matter exposure causes offspring pulmonary immunosuppression.

Early life exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) in air is associated with infant respiratory disease and childhood asthma, but limited epidemiological data exist concerning the impacts of ultrafine particles (UFPs) on the etiology of childhood respiratory disease. Specifically, the role of UFPs in amplifying Th2- and/or Th17-driven inflammation (asthma promotion) or suppressing effector T cells (increased susceptibility to respiratory infection) remains unclear. Using a mouse model of in utero UFP exposure, we determined early immunological responses to house dust mite (HDM) allergen in offspring challenged from 0 to 4 wk of age. Two mice strains were exposed throughout gestation: C57BL/6 (sensitive to oxidative stress) and BALB/C (sensitive to allergen exposure). Offspring exposed to UFPs in utero exhibited reduced inflammatory response to HDM. Compared with filtered air (FA)-exposed/HDM-challenged mice, UFP-exposed offspring had lower white blood cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and less pronounced peribronchiolar inflammation in both strains, albeit more apparent in C57BL/6 mice. In the C57BL/6 strain, offspring exposed in utero to FA and challenged with HDM exhibited a robust response in inflammatory cytokines IL-13 and Il-17. In contrast, this response was lost in offspring exposed in utero to UFPs. Circulating IL-10 was significantly up-regulated in C57BL/6 offspring exposed to UFPs, suggesting increased regulatory T cell expression and suppressed Th2/Th17 response. Our results reveal that in utero UFP exposure at a level close to the WHO recommended PM guideline suppresses an early immune response to HDM allergen, likely predisposing neonates to respiratory infection and altering long-term pulmonary health

PATIENT SAFETY CULTURE IN DIALYSIS SERVICES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: NURSING PERSPECTIVE

Objective: to evaluate the patient safety culture from the perspective of nursing staff in dialysis services in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Method: cross-sectional study with 56 nursing professionals from three dialysis services in Minas Gerais - Brazil, between March and June 2021. The Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture instrument was used. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics; chi-square test; and Generalizable Estimating Equations (p≤0.05).Results: Patient safety was rated as good or excellent by 69.6% of participants. The dimension "Expectations and actions of the service management that favor safety" was considered a strength (85.42%). "Non-punitive response to errors" (23.99%) and "Staff sizing" (45.83%) were considered weak. There was a higher percentage of positive responses in public and philanthropic services (p<0.001).Conclusion: few dimensions indicated strengths, and the type of management influenced the percentage of positive responses

Are anti-ganglioside antibodies associated with proventricular dilatation disease in birds?

The identification of Parrot bornaviruses (PaBV) in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) has not been sufficient to explain the pathogenesis of this fatal disease, since not all infected birds develop clinical signs. Although the most accepted theory indicates that PaBV directly triggers an inflammatory response in this disease, another hypothesis suggests the disease is triggered by autoantibodies targeting neuronal gangliosides, and PDD might therefore resemble Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in its pathogenesis. Experimental inoculation of pure gangliosides and brain-derived ganglioside extracts were used in two different immunization studies. The first study was performed on 17 healthy chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus): 11 chickens were inoculated with a brain ganglioside extract in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) and six chickens inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline. A second study was performed five healthy quaker parrots (Myiopsitta monachus) that were divided into three groups: Two quaker parrots received purified gangliosides in FCA, two received a crude brain extract in FCA, and one control quaker parrot received FCA alone. One chicken developed difficult in walking. Histologically, only a mild perivascular and perineural lymphocytic infiltrate in the proventriculus. Two quaker parrots (one from each treatment group) had mild lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis and myelitis. However, none of the quaker parrots developed myenteric ganglioneuritis, suggesting that autoantibodies against gangliosides in birds are not associated with a condition resembling PDD

Ovine Fetal Immune Response to Cache Valley Virus Infection

Cache Valley virus (CVV)-induced malformations have been previously reproduced in ovine fetuses. To evaluate the development of the antiviral response by the early, infected fetus, before the development of immunocompetency, ovine fetuses at 35 days of gestation were inoculated in utero with CVV and euthanized at 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection. The antiviral immune response in immature fetuses infected with CVV was evaluated. Gene expression associated with an innate, immune response was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The upregulated genes in infected fetuses included ISG15, Mx1, Mx2, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-7, and TLR-8. The amount of Mx1 protein, an interferon-stimulated GTPase capable of restricting growth of bunyaviruses, was elevated in the allantoic and amniotic fluid in infected fetuses. ISG15 protein expression was significantly increased in target tissues of infected animals. B lymphocytes and immunoglobulin-positive cells were detected in lymphoid tissues and in the meninges of infected animals. These results demonstrated that the infected ovine fetus is able to initiate an innate and adaptive immune response much earlier than previously known, which presumably contributes to viral clearance in infected animals

The Effect of Aflatoxin-B1 on Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and Assessment of Dietary Supplementation of NovaSil for the Prevention of Aflatoxicosis

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent carcinogen that causes growth stunting, immunosuppression and liver cancer in multiple species. The recent trend of replacing fishmeal with plant-based proteins in fish feed has amplified the AFB1 exposure risk in farm-raised fish. NovaSil (NS), a calcium montmorillonite clay, has previously been shown to reduce AFB1 bioavailability safely and efficaciously in several mammalian species. This study was designed to: (1) evaluate AFB1 impact on cultured red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, over the course of seven weeks; and (2) assess NS supplementation as a strategy to prevent aflatoxicosis. Fish were fed diets containing 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 5 ppm AFB1. Two additional treatment groups were fed either 5 ppm AFB1 + 1% NS or 5 ppm AFB1 + 2% NS. Aflatoxin B1 negatively impacted red drum weight gain, survival, feed efficiency, serum lysozyme concentration, hepatosomatic index (HSI), whole-body lipid levels, liver histopathological scoring, as well as trypsin inhibition. NovaSil inclusion in AFB1-contaminated diets improved weight gain, feed efficiency, serum lysozyme concentration, muscle somatic index, and intraperitoneal fat ratios compared to AFB1-treated fish. Although not significant, NS reduced AFB1-induced histopathological changes in the liver and decreased Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) staining. Importantly, NS supplementation improved overall health of AFB1-exposed red drum

Identification of the Target Cells and Sequence of Infection during Experimental Infection of Ovine Fetuses with Cache Valley Virus

Cache Valley virus-induced malformations have been previously reproduced in ovine fetuses; however, no studies have established the course of infection of cells and tissues with Cache Valley virus. To address these questions, ovine fetuses at 35 days of gestation were inoculated in utero with Cache Valley virus and euthanized at 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection. On postmortem examination, arthrogryposis and oligohydramnios were observed in some infected fetuses. Morphological studies showed necrosis in the central nervous system and skeletal muscle of infected fetuses evaluated after 7 to 14 days postinfection, and hydrocephalus, micromyelia, and muscular loss were observed in infected fetuses after 21 to 28 days postinfection. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, intense Cache Valley virus antigen and RNA staining was detected in the brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, and, to a lesser degree, in fetal membranes and other tissues of infected fetuses. Viral antigen and RNA staining decreased in targeted and infected tissues with the progression of the infection

CULTURA DE SEGURIDAD DEL PACIENTE EN LOS SERVICIOS DE DIÁLISIS DURANTE LA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19: PERSPECTIVA DE ENFERMERÍA

Objetivo: Evaluar la cultura de seguridad del paciente desde la perspectiva del personal de enfermería de los servicios de diálisis en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19.Método: estudio transversal con 56 profesionales de enfermería de tres servicios de diálisis de Minas Gerais - Brasil, entre marzo y junio de 2021. Se utilizó el instrumento Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial, test de chi cuadrado y Ecuaciones de Estimación Generalizables (p≤0,05).Resultados: la seguridad de los pacientes fue calificada de buena o excelente por el 69,6% de los participantes. La dimensión "Expectativas y acciones de la dirección del servicio que favorecen la seguridad" se consideró un punto fuerte (85,42%). "Respuesta no punitiva a los errores" (23,99%) y "Dotación de personal" (45,83%) se consideraron débiles. Hubo un mayor porcentaje de respuestas positivas en los servicios públicos y filantrópicos (p<0,001).Conclusión: pocas dimensiones indicaron puntos fuertes, y el tipo de gestión influyó en el porcentaje de respuestas positivas

CULTURA DE SEGURANÇA DO PACIENTE EM SERVIÇOS DE DIÁLISE DURANTE PANDEMIA DA COVID-19: PERSPECTIVA DA ENFERMAGEM

Objetivo: avaliar a cultura de segurança do paciente sob a perspectiva da equipe de enfermagem em serviços de diálise no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19.Método: estudo transversal com 56 profissionais de enfermagem de três serviços de diálise em Minas Gerais – Brasil, entre março e junho de 2021. Utilizou-se o instrumento Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Os dados foram analisados por: estatística descritiva e inferencial; teste qui-quadrado; e Equações de Estimativas Generalizáveis (p≤0,05).Resultados: a segurança do paciente foi classificada como boa ou excelente por 69,6% dos participantes. A dimensão “Expectativas e ações da direção do serviço que favoreçam a segurança” foi considerada fortaleza (85,42%). “Resposta não punitiva para erros” (23,99%) e “Dimensionamento de pessoal” (45,83%) foram consideradas frágeis. Houve maior percentual de respostas positivas nos serviços público e filantrópico (p<0,001).Conclusão: poucas dimensões indicaram fortalezas, e o tipo de gestão influenciou o percentual de respostas positivas

The Skin Microbiome in Healthy and Allergic Dogs

Changes in the microbial populations on the skin of animals have traditionally been evaluated using conventional microbiology techniques. The sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes has revealed that the human skin is inhabited by a highly diverse and variable microbiome that had previously not been demonstrated by culture-based methods. The goals of this study were to describe the microbiome inhabiting different areas of the canine skin, and to compare the skin microbiome of healthy and allergic dogs. DNA extracted from superficial skin swabs from healthy (n = 12) and allergic dogs (n = 6) from different regions of haired skin and mucosal surfaces were used for 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Principal coordinates analysis revealed clustering for the different skin sites across all dogs, with some mucosal sites and the perianal regions clustering separately from the haired skin sites. The rarefaction analysis revealed high individual variability between samples collected from healthy dogs and between the different skin sites. Higher species richness and microbial diversity were observed in the samples from haired skin when compared to mucosal surfaces or mucocutaneous junctions. In all examined regions, the most abundant phylum and family identified in the different regions of skin and mucosal surfaces were Proteobacteria and Oxalobacteriaceae. The skin of allergic dogs had lower species richness when compared to the healthy dogs. The allergic dogs had lower proportions of the Betaproteobacteria Ralstonia spp. when compared to the healthy dogs. The study demonstrates that the skin of dogs is inhabited by much more rich and diverse microbial communities than previously thought using culture-based methods. Our sequence data reveal high individual variability between samples collected from different patients. Differences in species richness was also seen between healthy and allergic dogs, with allergic dogs having lower species richness when compared to healthy dogs.The open access fee for this work was funded through the Texas A&M University Open Access to Knowledge (OAK) Fund