Activity and content of antioxidant enzymes in prostate tumors

To investigate the antioxidant enzyme system in blood of men with benign hyperplasia of prostate (BHP) and with prostate adenocarcinoma (CaP). Methods: The spectrophotometrical methods were applied to study content and activity changes of superoxide-dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ceruloplasmin (Cp), tripeptide glutathione (GSH), glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione-reductase (GR). Lipid peroxidation was evaluated using thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-test. Blood plasma and erythrocytes of men with prostate tumors served as the material for the studies; n = 15 for each group. Results: SOD activity was increased in BHP (24.65 ± 1.20 U/µl) and decreased in CaP (11.45 ± 0.89 U/µl), CAT activity remained unaltered in BHP (12.41 ± 0.85 mcat/ml) and was slightly declined in CaP (9.52 ± 0.56 mcat/ml). Cp was increased in both kind of tumors, especially in CaP (54.27 ± 7.22 mg%), as well as GSH (0.736 ± 0.07 µM/l) and GR (0.031 ± 0.002 µM/g.Hemogl/min). GSH-Px was sharply increased in BHP (0.67 ± 0.05 µM/g.Hemogl/min) and reduced in CaP (0.16 ± 0.01 µM/g.Hemogl/min). Conclusion: The development of BHP reflects relatively weakly on blood system as activity and content of antioxidant enzymes are not revealing marked changes in this disease. The significant changes are revealed in case of CaP, showing the reduced functional state of blood antioxidant enzyme system.Цель: исследование системы антиоксидантных ферментов в крови больных c доброкачественной гиперплазией простаты (ДГП) и аденокарциномой простаты (АКП). Методы: изменения содержания и активности супероксид-дисмутазы (СОД), каталазы (КАТ), церулоплазмина (ЦП), трипептида глютатиона (ВГ), глутатион-пероксидазы (ГП) и глутатион-редуктазы (ГР) были изучены спектрофотометрическими методами. Перекисное окисление липидов оценивали с помощью тиобарбитуровой кислоты (TBК-тест). Материалом для исследовании служили плазма крови и эритроциты больных с опухолями простаты, n = 15 для каждой группы. Результаты: активность СОД повышалась в ДГП (24,65 ± 1,20 ед./мкл) и снижалась в АКП (11,45 ± 0,89 ед./мкл). Активность КАТ оставалась неизмененной в ДГП (12,41 ± 0,85 мкат/мл) и слегка снижалась в АКП (9,52 ± 0,56 мкат/мл). Содержание ЦП повышалось в обоих типах опухолей, в особенности в АКП (54,27 ± 7,22 mg%), так же как ВГ (0,736 ± 0,07 мкM/л) и ГР (0,031 ± 0,002 мкМ/г.гемогл/мин). Активность ГП резко возрастала в ДГП (0,67 ± 0,05 мкМ/г.гемогл/мин) и снижалась в АКП (0,16 ± 0,01 мкМ/г.гемогл/мин). Выводы: развитие ДГП сравнительно слабо отражается на системе крови, так как содержание и активность антиоксидантных ферментов не показывают заметных изменении при этой болезни. Значительные изменения были выявлены в группе больных с АКП, что указывало на подавление функционального состояния системы антиоксидантных ферментов крови

European Consensus Statement on Expert Colposcopy

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The future role for colposcopy in Europe.

Improvements in the performance of cervical screening may be limited by the diagnostic performance of colposcopy. Nonetheless, colposcopy remains the best available tool to assess women considered at high risk for having or developing cervical cancer. The provision and role of colposcopy across Europe is variable. Introduction of vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as well as the possible switch to HPV-based screening is likely to change the profiles of women presenting to colposcopy services and provide management difficulties for the colposcopist.The standard of colposcopy in Europe can be maintained or improved despite a variable availability of screening. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 may decrease for women having had HPV vaccination. The incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cervical cancer in second and subsequent rounds of HPV-based screening are likely to decrease compared to cytology-based screening. In HPV-based screening, the numbers of women with no detectable or minor abnormalities at colposcopy and with screen-detected glandular disease are likely to increase. We have considered how these issues will affect states that have varying implementation of organized cervical screening programs and varying degrees of implementation of HPV testing or vaccination.The development of quality assurance across Europe accompanying these program changes is discussed

HPV testing and vaccination in Europe

Current cytology-based screening has a moderate sensitivity to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3) and cervical cancer even in those states providing rigorous quality control of their cervical screening programs. The impact of vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as well as the incorporation of HPV testing on the detection of CIN 3 and cancer is discussed. HPV testing used as a triage for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, test of cure after treatment, and HPV-based primary screening may improve current cervical screening programs.HPV testing as a triage test for ASCUS seems to offer an improved sensitivity, with a similar specificity as compared to repeat cytology for diagnosing high-grade CIN and has been recommended throughout most EU states. HPV testing as a triage test for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions has a low specificity and is not recommended in most member states. HPV test of cure offers an improved sensitivity compared to cytology for women with persistent cervical precancer after treatment. HPV-based cervical cancer screening is more effective than screening with cytology. The effects of HPV-based screening depend on the organization of the program and on adherence to algorithms for screening triage. Otherwise, it is likely that HPV-based screening will increase the referral rate to colposcopy including more women with no detectable cervical lesion. HPV vaccination will require many years to evaluate any beneficial effects on cervical cancer incidence and mortality

The future role for colposcopy in Europe.

&lt;p&gt;Improvements in the performance of cervical screening may be limited by the diagnostic performance of colposcopy. Nonetheless, colposcopy remains the best available tool to assess women considered at high risk for having or developing cervical cancer. The provision and role of colposcopy across Europe is variable. Introduction of vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as well as the possible switch to HPV-based screening is likely to change the profiles of women presenting to colposcopy services and provide management difficulties for the colposcopist.The standard of colposcopy in Europe can be maintained or improved despite a variable availability of screening. The prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 may decrease for women having had HPV vaccination. The incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cervical cancer in second and subsequent rounds of HPV-based screening are likely to decrease compared to cytology-based screening. In HPV-based screening, the numbers of women with no detectable or minor abnormalities at colposcopy and with screen-detected glandular disease are likely to increase. We have considered how these issues will affect states that have varying implementation of organized cervical screening programs and varying degrees of implementation of HPV testing or vaccination.The development of quality assurance across Europe accompanying these program changes is discussed.&lt;/p&gt;</p

HPV testing and vaccination in Europe.

&lt;p&gt;Current cytology-based screening has a moderate sensitivity to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3) and cervical cancer even in those states providing rigorous quality control of their cervical screening programs. The impact of vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 as well as the incorporation of HPV testing on the detection of CIN 3 and cancer is discussed. HPV testing used as a triage for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, test of cure after treatment, and HPV-based primary screening may improve current cervical screening programs.HPV testing as a triage test for ASCUS seems to offer an improved sensitivity, with a similar specificity as compared to repeat cytology for diagnosing high-grade CIN and has been recommended throughout most EU states. HPV testing as a triage test for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions has a low specificity and is not recommended in most member states. HPV test of cure offers an improved sensitivity compared to cytology for women with persistent cervical precancer after treatment. HPV-based cervical cancer screening is more effective than screening with cytology. The effects of HPV-based screening depend on the organization of the program and on adherence to algorithms for screening triage. Otherwise, it is likely that HPV-based screening will increase the referral rate to colposcopy including more women with no detectable cervical lesion. HPV vaccination will require many years to evaluate any beneficial effects on cervical cancer incidence and mortality.&lt;/p&gt;</p