Menopausal age and its influencing factors, Birjand, 2001

یائسگی به عنوان مرحله پایان دوره باروری در زنان، همراه با تغییراتی در سلامتی زنان می باشد. به منظور بررسی فاکتورهای مرتبط با سن یائسگی از میان زنان بالای 40 سال شهر بیرجند که به مدت حداقل یک سال قاعدگی نداشتند، 810 نفر به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای انتخاب گردیدند و از طریق مصاحبه حضوری اطلاعات مورد نظر در یک پرسشنامه ثبت شد. نتایج نشان داد که متوســـط سن یائسگی 31/5 ±19/47 ســـال و میزان فراوانی یائسگی زود رس 8/13 بود. سن بالاتر در اولین حاملگی، سن بالای 35 سال در آخرین حاملگی، سابقه مصرف قرص های جلوگیری از حاملگی (OCP= Oral Contracrptive Pills)، ابتلا به دیابت نوع II و مولتی پاریتی با یائسگی در سن بالاتر همراه بود. فراوانی بالای یائسگی زودرس در زنان شهر بیرجند نسبت به سایر مطالعات احتیاج به مطالعات بیشتری در این زمینه دارد

A Comparative Study on Persian EFL Teachers in Schools and Language Institutes: A Case of Learner's Attitude towards Humor in Foreign Language Classrooms

AbstractThe present study was an attempt to compare the different uses of humour among EFL learners which have been used in public schools with ones enrolled in language learning institutes. Data were collected using a Pedagogical Humor Questionnaire which was distributed among 400 female students (high school students=200, language institute learners=200) studying English in Shiraz, Iran. The data were analyzed using an independent sample T-test. The results showed language institute teachers and learners use humor more than the learners and teachers of schools. Both groups of participants indicated that they believed humor could be a productive tool in learning EFL and reducing affective barriers

Recurrent infantile digital fibromatosis

We present a case of an 8-year-old-boy with recurrent infantile digital fibromatosis (IDF) who presented with new fibrotic lesions. IDF is a benign fibrous growth of  childhood. Typically affecting the fingers and toes of children, the condition is nonmalignant and has a high recurrent potential following surgical excision. Although B200 cases of IDF have been described to date, a generalized consensus does not seem to exist on an approach to treatment. The current treatment modalities for IDF are reviewed.Keywords: fibrous tumors, inclusion body fibromatosis, infantile digital fibromatosis, spindle cells, Reye tumo

Factors affecting the choice of treatment center by infertile couples: A cross-sectional study in Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute

Background: Infertility is one of the critical health issues in Iran. There are more than 70 specialized infertility treatment centers in Iran, of which the Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, is one of the most important ones. Objective: This study aimed to determine the factors influencing infertile couples’ choice of Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 275 infertile couples aged 18 and older, referring to Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Yazd, Iran from September 2021 to March 2022. Data were gathered using a 2-part questionnaire. Data analysis was done through SPSS software. We used descriptive statistics, Kruskal- Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and t test for data analysis. Results: Most participants were individuals who came from other provinces of Iran (74.9%) and were referred to the Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute. Among the 4 categories that influenced couples’ decision to choose this center, factors related to the personnel and treatment staff received the highest score (75.83), while personal factors received the lowest score (65.76). The average score for factors related to doctors was 72.90, and for factors related to the center, it was 73.65. The satisfaction with personnel and treatment staff varied based on participants’ education levels, with those who had lower levels of education reporting higher levels of satisfaction (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The primary factors contributing to the success of the Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute in attracting clients were the dedication and expertise of the staff, as well as the esteemed reputation of the doctors at the center. Key words: Infertility, Fertility clinics, Yazd, Iran

The Effect of Mnemonic Vocabulary Instruction on Reading Comprehension of Students

The present article was an investigation of mnemonic vocabulary teaching to improve reading comprehension in the EFL classrooms. A major problem with the most of the past researches was that they paid no or little attention to the effects of using mnemonic strategies to improve reading comprehension. The purpose of this paper was to investigate how key word mnemonic vocabulary teaching can improve reading comprehension of the students. To this end, 360 third grade senior high school students from 6 senior high schools of Zanjan were selected through multistage cluster random sampling method and based on Cambridge placement test (2010), 345 students proved to be upper intermediate. A quasi-experimental design was used to determine the effects of a mnemonic vocabulary intervention on reading comprehension. In this article there were one control group (A, n=115), and two experimental groups (B, n=115; C, n=115) all of which were male and there were selected randomly by the researchers. During one month in four weeks, every week in two thirty-minute session, group B received direct vocabulary instruction and group C received key word mnemonic instruction. The quantitative component of this article was comprised of the Unit Cloze test. In order to test the effects of Mnemonic Vocabulary Teaching on reading comprehension, the covariance analysis was employed and the results demonstrated that by eliminating the covariance factor of the pre-test, mnemonic vocabulary instruction improved the reading comprehension of the students. The use of keyword mnemonics as a means to differentiate instruction is an educational implication that can assist teachers seeking better student achievement outcomes

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting among Medicine Students

Background: The most common types of medical error are medication errors (MEs) which defined as any preventable event that may be caused by an inappropriate medication usage and lead to an adverse drug reaction (ADR) event in patients. In recent years, different approaches have been proposed to reduce MEs, one of which is reporting ADRs. The present study was designed to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of medicine students towards MEs and ADRs reporting. Method: The validated 12-item questionnaire included subsequently 4 questions, 5 items and the final 3 questions related to the knowledge, attitude, and practice that was given to each participant before and after of the clerkship course. The study population were 40 students of fourth-year of medicine. Results: Demographic features of the participants have no significant difference. Medicine students had a poor KAP towards MEs. Only 8% of respondents had general knowledge about MEs and 50% of students believed MEs are inevitable events, less than 20% of them were acquainted with 5 rules of prescriptions. Students had good knowledge and attitude but poor practice towards ADRs reporting. 55% of participants were aware of their responsibility of ADRs reporting but only 5% of respondents were acquainted with ADRs reporting method and the ADR center in the hospitals. Conclusion: The educational intervention, alteration in medicine student’s curriculum, and hold the interactive clerkship for health care professionals can improve the KAP towards ADRs reporting and diminish of the preventable medication errors

سرآغاز چاپ و حروف‌ریزی فارسی در اروپا (The beginning of Persian printing and typefounding in Europe)

This article offers an introduction to Persian printing and typefounding in Europe during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, a subject which has largely eluded rigorous investigation by printing historians. More specifically, it focuses on the Persian typographical materials of the Medici and Propaganda Fide presses which are presented here, perhaps for the first time. Furthermore, this study questions the conventional claim by historians to date that 'Historia Christi Persice' (Leiden, 1639) was the first printed Persian book, and traces initial attempts at Persian printing that included an earlier publication, 'Alphabetum Persicum' (Rome, 1633)

The Effects of Corrective Feedback on Iranian EFL Learners' Writing

Matching the expectations of teachers and learners is vital for successful learning. Few studies have investigated the effects of corrective feedback on Iranian EFL learners. Therefore, this study aimed to bridge this gap. To this end, the sample of 180 male and female teachers, who taught language courses in an English Language Teaching program in language institutes in Zanjan, and 350 learners, chosen through stratified random sampling, formed the participants of the study. Two standard instruments were used in this study- PET Test and Fukuda’s (2004) Feedback Questionnaire. The findings suggest that learners believed that corrective feedback had a significant effect on their writing but the teachers did not think so. It is concluded that most of the feedback given by teachers were concentrated on grammatical errors and that the teachers’ views on feedback are based on the context, which might origin from absence of sufficient teacher training. With this in mind, giving feedback, or rather the right kind of feedback should perhaps play a better role in teacher education. The fact that feedback is based on each context may be positive as learners are different and teacher trainees might still take advantage from studying the provision of feedback