On the Efficacy of Live DDoS Detection with Hadoop

Distributed Denial of Service flooding attacks are one of the biggest challenges to the availability of online services today. These DDoS attacks overwhelm the victim with huge volume of traffic and render it incapable of performing normal communication or crashes it completely. If there are delays in detecting the flooding attacks, nothing much can be done except to manually disconnect the victim and fix the problem. With the rapid increase of DDoS volume and frequency, the current DDoS detection technologies are challenged to deal with huge attack volume in reasonable and affordable response time. In this paper, we propose HADEC, a Hadoop based Live DDoS Detection framework to tackle efficient analysis of flooding attacks by harnessing MapReduce and HDFS. We implemented a counter-based DDoS detection algorithm for four major flooding attacks (TCP-SYN, HTTP GET, UDP and ICMP) in MapReduce, consisting of map and reduce functions. We deployed a testbed to evaluate the performance of HADEC framework for live DDoS detection. Based on the experiments we showed that HADEC is capable of processing and detecting DDoS attacks in affordable time

An Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education in Pakistan

Achieving economic growth is an important goal of any country. However, in recent years it has increasingly been realised that economic growth is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for human development. Pakistan provides a good example of a country which has historically enjoyed a respectable GDP growth rate and yet failed to translate this positive development into a satisfactory level of human development. Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan’s development policies have focused primarily on realising high economic growth and only incidentally on the task of providing social necessities. Such a process has given rise to a structure of production and distribution which has been only indirectly responsive to social goals. However, there is now a growing realisation that we could have done much better had we stressed human resource investments relatively more.

Proposing Robust LAD-Atan Penalty of Regression Model Estimation for High Dimensional Data

       لاقت قضية نموذج الانحدار اهتمامًا بالغ الأهمية لاختيار المتغيرات، إذ انه يؤدي دورًا أساسيًا في التعامل مع البيانات ذات  الابعاد العالية. يتم استخدام معكوس الظل الذي يشير إليه  دالة جزاء Atan في كل من التقدير والاختيار المتغير كطريقة فعالة. ومع ذلك ، فإن دالة الجزاء  Atan حساسة جدًا للقيم الشاذة لمتغيرات الاستجابة أو توزيع ملتوي للأخطاء أو توزيع ذو ذيل ثقيل. بينما  : LAD هي وسيلة جيدة للحصول على حصانة تقدير الانحدار. ان الهدف الاساس من هذا البحث هو اقتراح مُقدّر Atan يجمع بين هاتين الفكرتين في آن واحد. لقد اظهرت تجارب المحاكاة وتطبيق البيانات الحقيقية أن مقدّر LAD-Atan المقترح هو الافضل مقارنة بالمقدرات الاخرى.           The issue of penalized regression model has received considerable critical attention to variable selection. It plays an essential role in dealing with high dimensional data. Arctangent denoted by the Atan penalty has been used in both estimation and variable selection as an efficient method recently. However, the Atan penalty is very sensitive to outliers in response to variables or heavy-tailed error distribution. While the least absolute deviation is a good method to get robustness in regression estimation. The specific objective of this research is to propose a robust Atan estimator from combining these two ideas at once. Simulation experiments and real data applications show that the proposed LAD-Atan estimator has superior performance compared with other estimators. &nbsp

Analysis of Public Expenditure on Education in Pakistan

This study attempts to analyse the priorities accorded to Education by the federal as well as the provincial governments. Since education is in large part a provincial responsibility, a comparative analysis of the performance of the public sector education in the four provinces of Pakistan would be useful to provide feedbacks to the provincial administrations of relative strengths and weaknesses of their educational system. Also, differences in priorities and performance among provinces provide useful insights, and, more importantly, raise many questions for planners. Such an analysis is also necessary for overall resource allocation. The analysis will be extended to district level but confined to Punjab and Sindh due to data constraints. The study will also examine the disparities in budget allocations to education in the two provinces.Education; Public expenditures; Pakistan

Studies On The Effect Of Benzo(a)Pyrene In Rats

Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] is a carcinogen found in high concentrations during the Malaysian haze episodes. In view of developing strategies in alleviating deleterious effects of haze in humans, the effect of acute and chronic exposure to B(a)P was studied in rats. In the acute exposure studies, an evaluation of apoptosis following treatment with B(a)P was assessed. The B(a)P treated rats received 24 ng (l3uL) of B(a)P instilled intratracheally, while similar volumes of trieaprylin (Tr) was administered to rats from the Tr group. Rats not receiving any treatment served as controls. An assessment of apoptosis was made on haematoxyl in and eosin (H&E) stained histologic sections, terminal deoxynuclcotidal transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis and DNA laddering of lung samples. Rats in the B(a)P group were killed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours post-instillation (p.i.) and rats from the control and Tr groups were only killed 24 hours p.i. Apoptos is at different stages was found in the pneumocytc and bronchial epithelium of B(a)P-treated rats killed 8, 16 and 24 hours p.i. This was also confirmed positive by TUNEL analysis and DNA laddering. In the chronic exposure studies, changes in the lung of D(a)P-induced rats during a three month period encompassing p53 expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (rCNA) expression, immune response (IgA, IgGl evels and alveolar macrophage activity), levels of glutathiolls-transferase (GST) marker enzyme and the effect of raw garlic as an anti-tumour agent were studied. Rats from the control, B(a)P and Tr group were daily fed on a commercial basal diet while rats from the garlic (G) and [B(a)P+GJ group were fed the basal ration containing garlic incorporated at the rate equivalent to an intake of 80m g/kg bodyweight/rat/day. The results showed growth disturbances in pneumocytes and bronchial epithelium of rats from the B(a)P group. Apoptosis was detected in four rats from the B(a)p-lG group. The PCNA positive areas were only found in hyperplastic areas in the lungs of rats from the B(a)P-treated group. In addition, rats treated with B(a)P and B(a)P+G had lower levels of IgA, IgG, alveolar macrophages activities and glutathione S-transferase in the lung. In conclusion, either short or long term exposures to B(a)P produce detrimental changes to lungs of rats and garlic has great potential in alleviating the chronic effects