Evaluating Occupational Exposure of Workers for Metallurgy with Alkanol Amines

Liquids being used in metallurgy are a composition of dangerous chemicals including Alkanol amines. Alkanol amines include Mono-, Di- and 3- ethanol amine. Alkanol amines are used as lubricant in metallurgy. Dermal absorption of these chemical substances is so important and some studies are being done about carcinogenesis of these chemical substances. Meanwhile, ethanol amine has been recognized as a factor causing occupational asthma. The present study was done on 29 turnery and rolling workers in Cupper Industrial Complex of Sarcheshmeh in descriptive- sectional manner. Data related to concentration of Alkanol amines in the atmosphere were gathered with the method proposed by NIOSH and data for pulmonary function were extracted from spirometry experiments. Demographic data were obtained from medical files of the workers. Statistical tests were carried out using software SPSS. In this study, workers' Time Weighted Average (TWA) individual exposure to Mono-ethanol amine (MEA) with density scope 0.03- 1.16, exposure to Di-ethanol amine (DEA) with density scope 0.36-1.35 and exposure to TEA with density scope 0.49-1.28 equal 0.54, 0.87 and 0.85 mg/m3 respectively without occupational group separation for each. Also, FVC reduction in studied individuals without occupational group separation was 3.17% (SD= 6.55%). The results indicated that workers' Time Weighted Average exposure to Mono-Di-Tri- ethanol amine was lower than occupational legal limit. In rolling process, exposure to Alkanol amines is lower compared to other processes of metallurgy because of semi- enclosure of this process. Having done Pearson correlation test to determine relation between individuals' work experience and FVC reduction, it was observed that there is no meaningful relation between these two variables

Evaluating Occupational Exposure of Workers for Metallurgy with Alkanol Amines

Liquids being used in metallurgy are a composition of dangerous chemicals including Alkanol amines. Alkanol amines include Mono-, Di- and 3- ethanol amine. Alkanol amines are used as lubricant in metallurgy. Dermal absorption of these chemical substances is so important and some studies are being done about carcinogenesis of these chemical substances. Meanwhile, ethanol amine has been recognized as a factor causing occupational asthma. The present study was done on 29 turnery and rolling workers in Cupper Industrial Complex of Sarcheshmeh in descriptive- sectional manner. Data related to concentration of Alkanol amines in the atmosphere were gathered with the method proposed by NIOSH and data for pulmonary function were extracted from spirometry experiments. Demographic data were obtained from medical files of the workers. Statistical tests were carried out using software SPSS. In this study, workers' Time Weighted Average (TWA) individual exposure to Mono-ethanol amine (MEA) with density scope 0.03- 1.16, exposure to Di-ethanol amine (DEA) with density scope 0.36-1.35 and exposure to TEA with density scope 0.49-1.28 equal 0.54, 0.87 and 0.85 mg/m3 respectively without occupational group separation for each. Also, FVC reduction in studied individuals without occupational group separation was 3.17% (SD= 6.55%). The results indicated that workers' Time Weighted Average exposure to Mono-Di-Tri- ethanol amine was lower than occupational legal limit. In rolling process, exposure to Alkanol amines is lower compared to other processes of metallurgy because of semi- enclosure of this process. Having done Pearson correlation test to determine relation between individuals' work experience and FVC reduction, it was observed that there is no meaningful relation between these two variables

Evaluation of Workload and Human Errors in Nurses

Background: Identification of human errors and their related factors in nurses dealing with the health of humans is important. Considering that much workload can increase the risk of human error, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between workload and human errors among nurses working in educational hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 145 nurses from educational hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 20. The workload was evaluated using the NASA-TLX questionnaire and human errors with SHERPA technique. The statistical test used was logistic regression model and the statistical significance level was considered <0.05 and the samples were selected randomly. The sample size was selected based on the percentage of functional errors reported by a study on human error assessment related to the duties of nurses in Semnan. Results: A total of 138 probable errors were detected in the nursing staff of these hospitals, 74% of nurses committed errors in seven main duties during their service. Patient medication with the highest frequency (34%) followed by the injection of the drug to the patient with a frequency of 23% were the most frequently committed errors by nurses. The findings of the research showed that workload in 53.1% of the nurses was very high and in 43.1% of the nurses was high, the results of the logistic regression model showed that there was no significant relationship between errors and workload in nurses. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the average workload and human error in the nurses were high. Therefore, control strategies such as holding training sessions, implementation of clinical governance program in all wards, recruitment of adequate nurses, reduction of workload, reduction of work hours and the appropriate patient/nurse ratio should be given attention by the hospital managers depending on conditions; as well as the prevention of the two reported errors should be given top priority in corrective measure

Determination and analysis of pesticide residues in fieldgrown and greenhouse-grown tomatoes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The present study aimed to extract pesticide residues in the field and greenhouse-grown tomatoes and homemade paste based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample preparation method (QuEChERS) before determined by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The mean difference in percentage reduction of deltamethrin (DLM) and acetamiprid (ACT) in raw tomatoes of greenhouse-grown was obtained at 91.42 and 90.00%, respectively, which was insignificantly more than filed condition (84.91% and 86.34%). Maximum reduction percentages of the DLM in paste under greenhouse and field tomato conditions were achieved by more than 95.86% and 93.11%, respectively. The residual concentration of both DLM (91.42%) and ACT (90.00%) in the greenhouse decreased more than the field (84.91% and 86.34%), respectively. Abamectin(ABA) reached below the MRL in a shorter time after spraying (2 days). Considering the pre-harvest interval (PHI) period of deltamethrin and abamectin can reach their residual concentration to the MRL in both conditions, which were determined by LC-MS. According to the results of the current study, 7 and 5 days can be suggested as the PHI period of the acetamiprid for field and greenhouse-grown tomatoes, respectively. Therefore, using pesticides in the proper dosage, considering appropriate PHI, and harvesting can reduce their residues in agricultural product