SENSITIVITY OF COMMERCIAL ANTIBIOTICS TO PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

The sensitivity of human pathogens to some antibiotics used to treat infections and infections caused by these species in humans was tested. The sensitivity of human pathogens to some antibiotics used to treat infections and infections caused by these species in humans was tested. In this study, some pathogenic bacterial isolates, some Gram-negative and Gram-positive, were used. And that from different pathological samples (urine, wound secretions and ear secretions). Obtained from the laboratory of Tishreen University Hospital at Tishreen University in Lattakia Governorate. The sensitivity of pathogenic bacterial isolates to a number of antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion method. The sensitivity of bacteria was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition halos, and its resistance to antibiotics was determined based on the measurement of the diameter of the inhibition zone. The results showed that S. aureus Sensitive only to (SXT) Trimethoprime-Sulfamethoxazole, (VA) Vancomycin, (CN) Gentamycin, and Streptococcus S. faecalis showed sensitivity only to (VA) Vancomycin, (CRO) Ceftriaxone, (AK) Amikacin, (SXT) (rimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole, As for the common P. vulgaris, it was only sensitive to each of the antibiotics (VA) Vancomycin, (AK) Amikacin and (CX) Cloxacillin. And E. coli was allergic only to Trimethoprime-Sulfamethoxa (SXT), (CN)Gentamycin, (LEV) Levofloxacin (SXT) and Amikacin (AK) And if the blue pus bacillus, all strains of P. aeruginosa showed sensitivity only to each of the antibiotics, namely (AK) Amikacin, (CIP) Ciprofloxacin K. pneumoniae showed sensitivity to (VA) Vancomycin, (AK) Amikacin, (LEV) Levofloxacin, (CXm) Cefuroxime, (CRO) Ceftriaxone

Jordanian EFL Sixth-Grade Students’ Attitudes towards Using Gamification in Reading Comprehension اتجاهات طلاب الصف السادس الأردنیین متعلمي اللغة الانجليزية لغة أجنبية نحو استخدام الألعاب التحفيزية في فهم المقروء

Abstract: This study investigated the Jordanian EFL sixth-grade students ’attitudes towards using gamification in reading comprehension lessons. The participants of the study were 35 students from a public school in Jordan. They studied reading comprehension activities through gamification. A questionnaire with 31-items was designed to explore students’ attitudes towards using gamification in reading comprehension lessons. The results indicated that the sixth-grade students had positive attitudes towards the use of gamification in reading comprehensionlessons. ملخص: بحيث هذه الدراسة في اتجاهات طلاب الصف السادس الأردنیین متعلمي اللغة الانجليزية لغة أجنبية نحو استخدام الألعاب التحفيزية في دروس فهم المقروء. بلغ عدد المشاركين في الدراسة 35 طالبًا من مدرسة حكومية في الأردن, درسوا أنشطة فهم المقروء عبر الألعاب التحفيزية. تم تصميم استبانة تحتوي على 31 فقرة لاستكشاف اتجاهات الطلاب نحو استخدام الألعاب التحفيزية في دروس فهم المقروء. اظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن طلاب الصف السادس لديهم اتجاهات إيجابية نحو استخدام الألعاب التحفيزية فيدروس فهم المقروء

Enhancing satellite system throughput using adaptive HARQ for delay tolerant services in mobile communications

In this paper we propose the introduction of adaptive hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) in the context of mobile satellite communications. HARQ schemes which are commonly used in terrestrial links, can be adapted to improve the throughput for delay tolerant services. The proposed method uses the estimation of the mutual information between the received and the sent symbols, in order to estimate the number of bits necessary to decode the message at next transmission. We evaluate the performance of our method by simulating a land mobile satellite (LMS) channel. We compare our results with the static HARQ scheme, showing that our adaptive retransmission technique has better efficiency while keeping an acceptable delay for services

Enhanced HARQ for Delay Tolerant Services in Mobile Satellite Communications

The objective of our paper is to improve efficiency (in terms of throughput or system capacity) for mobile satellite communications. In this context, we propose an enhanced Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) for delay tolerant services. Our proposal uses the estimation of the mutual information. We evaluate the performance of the proposed method for a land mobile satellite channel by means of simulations. Results are compared with those obtained with a classical incremental redundancy (IR) HARQ scheme. The technique we propose, shows a better performance in terms of efficiency while maintaining an acceptable delay for services

Analysis Of The Dimensions Of Intellectual Capital In Commercial Banks Using SWOT Tool (Afield Study In Commercial Banks In The Syrian Coast)

The research aimed to determine the role of (SWOT) tool in analyzing of intellectual capital in the branches of commercial banks in the Syrian coast. and determining the most  important factors that could influence the intellectual capital within the banks under study, The strength and support of intellectual capital and weaknesses in intellectual capital and ways to address them, and the most important factors that will help commercial banks in identifying the most important opportunities for the development of intellectual capital and the most important threats that may face it, the research relied on the deductive approach, in order to characterize variables The Urged and analysis based on preliminary data collected, in addition to secondary data available, through a questionnaire developed by informed researcher on the published literature, and has been relying on statistical analysis software (SPSS), as a tool for the analysis of the available data. The research concluded: 1-There is a significant relationship between the use of SWOT tool in the analysis of human capital of relative importance (69.152%), in the analysis of structural capital and of relative importance (78.384%), in the analysis of client capital and of relative importance (77.288%) in Syrian commercial banks studied. 2-There is a significant relationship between the use of the tool (SWOT) in the analysis of intellectual capital in the Syrian commercial banks studied. 3-Syrian commercial banks have the human resources and the great physical possibilities to use SWOT tool in analyzing intellectual capital and drawing banking strategies in the banking market. هدف البحث إلى تحديد دور أداة (SWOT) في تحليل رأس المال الفكري في فروع المصارف التجارية في الساحل السوري، وتحديد أهم العوامل التي من شانها التأثير على رأس المال الفكري داخل المصارف محل الدراسة، وتحديد مجموعة من العوامل التي من شأنها مساعدة المصارف التجارية في تحديد أهم نقاط قوة رأس المال الفكري وتدعيمها ونقاط الضعف في رأس المال الفكري وسبل معالجتها، وأهم العوامل التي من شانها مساعدة المصارف التجارية في تحديد أهم فرص تطوير رأس مالها الفكري واهم التهديدات التي من الممكن أن تواجه ذلك، واعتمد البحث على المقاربة الاستنباطية، وذلك من أجل توصيف متغيرات البحث وتحليلها اعتماداً على البيانات الأولية التي تم جمعها، بالإضافة إلى البيانات الثانوية المتوفرة، من خلال استبانة تم تطويرها من خلال اطلاع الباحث على الأدبيات المنشورة ثم تم الاعتماد على برنامج التحليل الإحصائي (SPSS)، كأداة لتحليل البيانات المتوفرة. وتوصل البحث إلى أن: 1-هناك علاقة معنوية بين استخدام أداة (SWOT) في تحليل رأس المال البشري بأهمية نسبية بلغت (69.152%)، وفي تحليل رأس المال الهيكلي وبأهمية نسبية بلغت (78.384%)، وفي تحليل رأس المال الزبائني وبأهمية نسبية بلغت (77.288%) في المصارف التجارية السورية المدروسة. 2-هناك علاقة معنوية بين استخدام أداة (SWOT) في تحليل رأس المال الفكري في المصارف التجارية  السورية المدروسة. 3-تمتلك المصارف التجارية السورية الموارد البشرية والإمكانيات المادية الكبيرة لاستخدام أداة (SWOT) في تحليل رأس المال الفكري ورسم الاستراتيجيات المصرفية في السوق المصرفية

Accurate approximate solution of classes of boundary value problems using modified differential transform method

In this paper, a numerical scheme so-called modified differential transformation method (MDTM) based on differential transformation method (DTM), Laplace transform and Pad´e approximation will be used to obtain accurate approximate solution for a class of boundary value problems (BVP’s). The MDTM is employed as an alternative technique to overcome some difficulties in the behavior of the solution and to be valid for a large region. The numerical results obtained demonstrate the applicability and validity of this technique. Numerical comparison is made with existing exact solution

Incidence and clinical outcomes of nosocomial infections in patients presenting with STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock in the United States

OBJECTIVES: This study addresses the incidence, trends, and impact of nosocomial infections (NI) on the outcomes of patients admitted with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and cardiogenic shock (STEMI-CS) using the United States National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. METHODS: We analyzed data from 105,184 STEMI-CS patients using the NIS database from the years 2005-2014. NI was defined as infections of more than or equal to three days, comprising of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), urinary tract infection (UTI), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), bacteremia, and skin related infections. Outcomes of the impact of NI on STEMI-CS included in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay (LOS) and costs. Significant associations of NI in patients admitted with STEMI-CS were also identified. RESULTS: Overall, 19.1% (20,137) of patients admitted with STEMI-CS developed NI. Trends of NI have decreased from 2005-2014. The most common NI were UTI (9.2%), followed by HAP (6.8%), CLABSI (1.5%), bacteremia (1.5%), skin related infections (1.5%), and CDI (1.3%). The strongest association of developing a NI was increasing LOS (7-9 days; OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.75-2.26; \u3e9 days; OR: 4.51; 95% CI: 4.04-5.04 compared to 4-6 days as reference). Increased mortality risk among patients with NI was significant, especially those with sepsis-associated NI compared to those without sepsis (OR: 2.95; 95% CI: 2.72-3.20). Patients with NI were found to be associated with significantly longer LOS and higher costs, irrespective of percutaneous mechanical circulatory support placement. CONCLUSIONS: NI were common among patients with STEMI-CS. Those who developed NI were at a greater risk of in-hospital mortality, increased LOS and costs

Revisiting Egyptian Foreign Policy towards Israel under Mubarak: From Cold Peace to Strategic Peace

This article is the first academic study of Egyptian foreign policy towards Israel under Hosni Mubarak (1981–2011). It challenges a deeply entrenched conventional wisdom that Egypt pursued a cold-peace foreign policy towards Israel throughout this period. We demonstrate that Egyptian foreign policy towards Israel was dynamic – comprising cold peace (1981–91), a hybrid foreign policy of cold peace and strategic peace (1991–2003), and a pure strategic peace posture (2003–11). We also use the case of Egyptian foreign policy towards Israel as a heuristic to develop a conception of a new type of peace, strategic peace, as an intermediary analytical category between cold and stable peace

Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the world's highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers.publishedVersio

High prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors amongst young adults in the United Arab Emirates: the UAE Healthy Future Study

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), it accounts for 40% of mortality. CVD is caused by multiple cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) including obesity, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension and central obesity. However, there are limited studies focusing on the CVD risk burden among young Emirati adults. This study investigates the burden of CRFs in a sample of young Emiratis, and estimates the distribution in relation to sociodemographic and behavioral determinants.MethodsData was used from the baseline data of the UAE Healthy Future Study volunteers. The study participants were aged 18 to 40 years. The study analysis was based on self-reported questionnaires, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, as well as blood analysis.ResultsA total of 5167 participants were included in the analysis; 62% were males and the mean age of the sample was 25.7 years. The age-adjusted prevalence was 26.5% for obesity, 11.7% for dysglycemia, 62.7% for dyslipidemia, 22.4% for hypertension and 22.5% for central obesity. The CRFs were distributed differently when compared within social and behavioral groups. For example, obesity, dyslipidemia and central obesity in men were found higher among smokers than non-smokers (p \u3c 0.05). And among women with lower education, all CRFs were reported significantly higher than those with higher education, except for hypertension. Most CRFs were significantly higher among men and women with positive family history of common non-communicable diseases.ConclusionsCRFs are highly prevalent in the young Emirati adults of the UAE Healthy Future Study. The difference in CRF distribution among social and behavioral groups can be taken into account to target group-specific prevention measures