The effect of Short-term Plyometric Training Program on Sprint, Strength, Power and Agility Performance in non-athletic Men

Plyometric training to increase physical ability and leads to increase of muscles power. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of short term plyometric training program on sprint, strength, and power and agility performance in non-athletic men. In this research, 40 non-athletic men (year 18-23) participated. The participants were chosen randomly and they participated in four tests strength (Swedish swimming, sit-ups), power (vertical jumps, Horizontal jumps), agility (Illinois Agility Test, T Agility Test) and 30 meters speed. The participants were divided into two groups, i.e. experimental (plyometric training) and control group (did not perform PT training). They participated in the training for 5 weeks and each week 1 session and each session 90 minutes. The results of the study revealed that in experimental groups, significant increase observed in Swedish swimming, horizontal jumps test and also significant decrease observed in 30 meters speed and test in comparison with control group (p-value of the respectively 0.001, 0.02, 0.00). The differences were significant not observed of agility test in comparison with control group. Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that plyometric training have been effective on the physical preparation indices and can improve the non athletes’ performance

Monologism versus Dialogism: A Bakhtinian Approach to Teaching

Dialogic education is a teaching method which is in stark contrast with monologic teaching methods. Nowadays, the educational systems all around the world characterize monologic education in which the ideas and voices of the teachers are the first and last ones uttered in the classrooms, textbooks are aimed so that students learn how to speak and write “correctly” and the time extent of the class is so short that teachers are struggling to cover all the “important” points mandated in the textbooks and by educational authorities. In contrast in dialogic education, the teacher shares his or her authority with the students; the voices of the students are heard and their opinions are valuable. In a dialogic class, the students are divided into groups to practice “exploratory talk” and “think reasonably”. The aim in discussing different opinions is just that; discussing different opinions not winning or losing. The role of the teacher is to facilitate the process; he or she is not a judge or referee, he or she is simply a guide. A dialogic environment is like a carnival; to borrow from Bakhtin. There are no omnipresent powers. The current study shows that different components of Bakhtin’s dialogism concept including heteroglossia, carnival, and polyphony and so on can be a very good starting point for a modern and effective theoretical framework for learning and teaching processes

Effects of sowing density on yield and yield components of irrigated bread wheat cultivars

Abstract. In order to determine effects of planting density on grain yield (GY), yield components and total dry matter (TDM) of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), three new released cultivars, namely: M-70-4, Niknejad and Mahdavi were subjected to four sowing density, 350, 400, 450 and 500 seed/m 2 during 2007-08, 2008-09 in Kermanshah province, western Iran. A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was used. Combined analysis of data showed no significant difference among cultivars and seed densities, but 400 seed.m -2 and Mahdavi cv. produced the highest GY. Mahdavi cv. produced the highest TDM, HI and 1000 kernel weight (TKW) also and ranked in A class. Interaction effects of seed density and cultivar was significant. Based on regression analysis, increasing of seed density resulted in increasing of BY and spikes.m -2 and decreasing of HI and seed/spike. There was no reduction in TKW due to increasing of seed density. It seems that under Kermanshah province, a 400 seed.m -2 is recommendable to wheat growers and Mahdavi cv. will perform better than other genotypes

Evaluation of Student's Satisfaction with Team Teaching in Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2011-2012

Background & Objective: One method of evaluation with the intent to select and modify teaching methods in universities is the evaluation of student's opinions. Team teaching by faculty members is a routine method of education in universities. The present study evaluated student's satisfaction with team teaching in Babol University of Medical Sciences, Iran, during the first and second semesters of 2011-2012. Methods: In the present descriptive, analytical study, 461 students of Babol University of Medical Sciences who had experienced team teaching were randomly selected. The participants completed a questionnaire the reliability and validity of which had been previously approved. The questionnaire contained 19 questions, based on the 5-point Likert scale ("very high", "high", "moderate", "low", and "very low"). The resulting data were analyzed using SPSS software and compared using t-test and ANOVA. Results: The results showed that 8.2% of students partly opposed and 0.4% of them absolutely approved the use of team teaching method. The highest frequency of answers (56.9%) were assigned in the "moderate" level. Nearly 34.5% of students approved the use of this method. Students of dentistry and laboratory sciences showed the highest and lowest tendency toward this method, respectively. Higher year students showed less tendency toward team teaching method. There were no significant differences between boys' and girls' answers in respect to this method. Conclusion: It seems that Babol University of Medical Sciences students did not significantly oppose the use of team teaching method. Nevertheless, in order to correct the existing small problems, it is essential to revise the implementation technique of this teaching method. Keywords Satisfaction Student Education Team teachin

A History of Distributional Development and Accumulative Development (A Study on Two Approaches toward Development:Islamic and Modernization of the Old)

Development and modernization have a history as long as the human history;  however,  the  relevant  theoretical  discussions  and theorizations  formed  mostly  after  world  war  the  second.  Just  the same,  the  relationship  and  association  of  these  issues  with  the religious  instructions,  particularly  the  Shiite  ones,  have  remained ambiguous. Of course, some suggestions have been presented after the Islamic revolution in this regard; however, they are not enough. Therefore, the questionswhich still remain to be answered are whether there  are  any  views  concerning  the  issue  of  the  theoretical development; and how they differ from the western views. It seems that  the  development  model  based  on  the  previous  modernization theories, which believed in the principle of the contrast between the traditionalism and modernism, are based on accumulation of wealth, and the first principle to be considered for them is negligence toward justice. However, the Shiite Islamic approach relies on distribution of the wealth and it emphasizes on the flow of the wealth, growth and development. The present article is the report of a comparative study of two development approaches, i.e. distributional and accumulative. The  distributional  model  is  based  on  the  divine‐Islamic  values; however, the western development model is based on discovering the nature in order to manipulate it, and it is a materialist approach

A comparative study of meaning and meaning in the likes of Kurdish ilamite and Arabic

. IntroductionLiterature is the manifestation of beliefs, thoughts, practices, and rites of nations, reflected in proverbs as the major ancient part. In this sense, proverbs are regarded as short and pithy sayings that have been refined from time immemorial and passed down to us. These concise statements have been continuously exchanged as cultural and literary commodities between nations and tribes due to their moral-semantic features as well as brevity and easier memorization. Considering its proximity to Iraq and the longest land borders, Ilam Province, in western Iran, has been always the hub of commercial, cultural, and literary exchanges between Ilami Kurds and the Arabs. The interactions of both languages, other than poetry, have been also exhibited in popular culture, including proverbs as the most important part. Therefore, this study aimed to review Ilami Kurdish and Arabic proverbs to clarify their verbal-semantic commonalities and differences through a descriptive-analytical approach using a library method. The study results revealed that some of the proverbs in both languages had equivalent form and content, raising the suspicion of translation in the audience, and some others had only semantic commonalities, resulting from common human experiences or imports attributable to geographic, cultural, and religious proximity.1.1. Statement of the ProblemProverbs are known as concise moral and sometimes melodic expressions that encapsulate the experiences of nations. They are also the oldest part of literature devised by humans and employed in dialogues before the invention of writing and poetry (Parsa, 2015: 22). This large and important part of popular literature sometimes finds its way into another culture, language, and nationality due to migration, translation, or imports owing to socio-cultural or even geographic proximity. Since Ilami Kurds have had and still have long-standing neighborhoods and cultural ties with the Iraqi Arabs, some of the cultural and literary interactions between the two languages ​​can be traced back to their proverbs. Referring to the books, Ilami Kurdish Proverbs (Sohrabnejad, 2013) and al-Amsal v-al-Hekam (A Collection of Arabic Proverbs and Maxims) (Harirchi, 1992), this study compared similar proverbs in two categories, namely, (a) proverbs with equivalent form and content, and (b) proverbs with shared content but distinct form, and then analyzed them as much as possible using some examples.1.2. Significance of the StudyDue to the proximity of Ilami Kurds to Iraqi Arabs, their long-standing neighborhood and cultural ties, as well as the unique features of proverbs such as conciseness, meaningfulness, rhetoric and advisory features, easy memorization, and transferability from one culture to another, etc., the suspicion of cultural interactions remain strong in this part of popular literature. Since no work has so far comparatively examined the mutual effects of Ilami Kurdish and Arabic proverbs in terms of form and content, the need for the present study doubled.1.3. Research reviewAlthough proverbs are derived from popular language and culture and are mainly oral, today, with the help of researchers and the printing industry, the work of collecting and publishing Kurdish and Arabic proverbs has been done to aid scholars refer to such sources for literary, linguistic, and cultural studies, including the following ones:The book entitled A Comparative Study of Kurdish and Persian Proverbs (Parsa, 2015), in which the author quotes 3,000 proverbs from Twelve Thousand Persian Proverbs and Thirty Thousand Equivalents (Shakoorzadeh Boloori, 2000) and Kurdish Proverbs and Sayings (Fatahi Ghazi, 1996) based on sampling and a comparative study.The article entitled “A comparative study of proverbs in Persian and Arabic in terms of content, form, and style” (Zarkoob & Amini, 2013), published in the Journal of Studies on Arabic Language and Literature Translations.The article entitled “Woman in the mirror of Kurdish and Arabic proverbs” (Khezeli & Salimi, 2016), published in the Journal of Comparative Literature of Shahid Bahonar University of KermanA master’s thesis entitled “A Comparative Study of Arabic and Sorani Kurdish Proverbs” fulfilled by Mostafaei-Rad (2012) at Kurdistan University, Iran.The book entitled al-Majani al-Hadith (Nowresideh & Zeighami, 2013), reflecting on the Persian equivalents of some Arabic proverbs in some parts.The book entitled Common Themes in Persian and Arabic Literature (Damadi, 2000).The book entitled Kalhor-Nameh (Mohammadi, 2012), examining some common proverbs in the city of Ivan-e-Gharb in Ilam province, Iran.2.MethodologyThis library study using an analytical-descriptive method was thus performed based on referring to the books entitled al-Hekam v-al-Amsal al-Arabi (Homosi, 1993), al-Amsal v-al-Hekam (A Collection of Arabic Proverbs and Maxims) (Harirchi, 1992), Common Themes in Persian and Arabic Literature (Damadi, 2000), and al-Majani al-Hadith (Nowresideh & Zeighami, 2013), as well as the books of Ilami Kurdish Proverbs (Sohrabnejad, 2013) and Kalhor-Nameh (Mohammadi, 2012). The study was to compare the Arabic and Ilami Kurdish proverbs in the mentioned works in order to extract the common ones. On this basis, about 200 proverbs (namely, 87 Arabic and 110 Ilami Kurdish ones) were indexed. Following reviews and analyses, the research files were grouped into two categories, i.e., (a) proverbs with equivalent form and content, and (b) proverbs with shared content but distinct form. At the final stage, 35 Arabic proverbs and 35 Ilami Kurdish ones were selected and compared.  DiscussionIn this study, after reviews and analyses, the data were classified into two categories, viz. (a) proverbs with equivalent form and content and (b) proverbs with shared content but distinct form, and then compared.3.1. Proverbs with Equivalent Form and ContentSome proverbs in Ilami Kurdish and Arabic with similar content and usages were also endowed with verbal commonalities. These proverbs were probably the product of translations from one language into another. Moreover, geographic proximity and the presence of the Arabs and Ilami Kurds on both sides of the land borders as well as their mastery of both languages could strengthen the probability that these individuals had managed to associate the verbal equivalents of the proverbs in their minds to express them and consequently to provide parallel translations for them. What put more emphasis on this idea was the existence of proverbs whose form had numerous structures, indicating that different people had made use of a special circle of their own words to translate such proverbs and had even interpreted them based on their tastes and syntax. Example 1Arabicبلغَ السّکینُ العظمَ (Nowresideh & Zeighami, 2013; 374)Ilami Kurdishkârd wa seqân ŕasiPersianکارد به استخوان رسید (Sohrabnejad, 2013; 76) EnglishIt means at the end of one’s tether. Semantic matching: Both proverbs represent reaching thresholds in the face of difficult and unhappy events.              Verbal matching: The words in the Arabic proverbs are quite similar to those in Ilami Kurdish cases. For instance:ArabicالسکینالعظمبلغIlami KurdishKârdseqân ŔasiPersianکارداستخوانرسیدنEnglishKnifeBoneReach Example 2Arabicالکلامُ یجرُّ الکلامَ  (Nowresideh & Zeighami, 2013; 376)Ilami Kurdishqesya, qesya dyârêPersianحرف حرف می­آورد (Sohrabnejad, 2013; 137) EnglishIt means one word leads to another. Semantic matching: They mean one word leads to another.Verbal matching: Both proverbs are literally equivalent. For example:ArabicالکلامیجرIlami KurdishQesyaDyârêPersianحرفمی آوردEnglishWordleads to Example 3Arabicیَسرقُ الکُحلَ  مِن العَین (Homosi, 1993; 283)Ilami Kurdishsÿvarmeg la ĉaw dezêPersianسرمه را از چشم می­دزدد (Mohammadi, 2000; 89) EnglishIt means being skillful. Semantic matching: Both proverbs have the same semantic implications for ingenuity and arrogance in action. Verbal matching: The words of the two proverbs are literal translations. For instance:Arabicیَسرقُالکُحلَمِن العَینIlami KurdishDezêsÿvarmegla ĉawPersianمی دزددسرمهاز چشمEnglishStealKohlfrom eye 3.2. Proverbs with Shared Content but Distinct FormConcerning the comparative study of the Arabic and Ilami Kurdish proverbs, there were cases with shared content and usages, but no verbal commonalities. This group of proverbs could be the result of common human experiences or exchanges attributable to geographic, cultural, and religious proximity. As proverbs had no verbal similarities in this section, verbal matching was omitted. For instance: Example 4Arabicمَقتل ُالرَّجُلِ بینَ فَکَّیهِ (Homosi, 1993; 184)Ilami Kurdishzewân pâsewâne saraPersianزبان، نگهبان سر انسان است  (Sohrabnejad, 2013; 118)EnglishIt means not letting your tongue cut your throat. This proverb is reminiscent of the words by Imam Ali (AS) saying “المرء مخبوء تحت لسانه”, which means a man is hidden under his tongue. Semantic matching: There is a need to avoid prattling. Example 5Arabicإیَّاکَ أعنِی وَ اسمَعِی یا جَارةُ (Nowresideh & Zeighami, 2013; 380)Ilami Kurdishwaÿwla wa tenem xasüra guš betakenPersianعروس! باتوهستم، مادرزن تو گوش بده (Sohrabnejad, 2013; 172)EnglishIt means to beat someone to frighten another. Semantic matching: It refers to addressing someone indirectly. Example 6Arabicضَرَبَ العصفورَین بحجر (Nowresideh & Zeighami, 2013; 380)Ilami Kurdishde pał wa yaÿ tirPersianدو گنجشک را با یک سنگ زد(یک تیر و دو نشان) (Sohrabnejad, 2013; 109)EnglishIt means to kill two birds with one stone.Semantic matching: It means benefiting from a single action and achieving multiple goals.  ConclusionProverbs contain a major ancient part of cultures and civilizations of nations, which are the products of their artistic tastes or sociocultural exchanges. Geographic proximity and socio-economic interactions by Ilami Kurds with their Iraqi counterparts have further led to a cultural mix manifested in Ilami Kurdish and Arabic proverbs. Accordingly, there are shared proverbs in both languages, discussed into two categories in terms of semantic and verbal matching as follows:Proverbs with equivalent form and content: This category was probably the product of the literal translation of words from one language into another.Proverbs with shared content but distinct form: This group of proverbs could be the result of common human experiences or exchanges due to geographic, cultural, and religious proximity, in which content and usages were close together. proximit

Effects of biofertilizers and iron nano-oxide on maize yield and physiological properties under optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions

In this research, effects iron nano-oxide and biofertilizers and chemical was investigated on the yield and some traits of Maize under normal and drought stress conditions in two years (2018 and 2019). The experiment was performed in the form of split–spilt plot in a complete random block design with three replications. The studied irrigation treatment included three levels (normal, 85% and 65% optimum water requirement) in the main plots and iron nano-oxide at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/L) in subplots, and biofertilizers at four levels (noninoculation, inoculation with mycorrhiza, inoculation with pseudomonas and combined inoculation of mycorrhiza and pseudomonas) in sub-plots. The results showed that grain yield, 1000-grain weight, and leaf chlorophyll contents decreased by drought stress. Use of pseudomonas and mycorrhiza increased these traits in normal and stress conditions, but iron nano-oxide had no significant effect on the measured traits. Also, drought stress increased malondialdehyde, ion leakage, catalase, peroxidase, proline, and polyphenol oxidase in both light and severe stress regimes. The amount of antioxidant enzymes increased under drought stress conditions in corn. The results indicated that all the characteristics measured by double inoculation with Pseudomonas and Microoriza had the best performance in conditions of water shortage and the use of these biofertilizers increases yield, 1000-seed weight, and chlorophyll content of maize. Also, the use of biofertilizers modulates the effect of drought stress and reduces its negative effects

پیش بینی شدت علائم وسواس فکری- اجباری بر اساس سبک های دلبستگی: نقش واسطه ای اضطراب سلامت

مقدمه: اختلال وسواس جبری چهارمین اختلال روانپزشکی است که سبب کاهش کیفیت زندگی می شود. بنابراین بررسی علل شکل گیری و تداوم این علائم، مهم است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش پیش بینی علائم وسواس فکری- اجباری بر اساس سبک های دلبستگی از طریق نقش میانجی اضطراب سلامت است.روش کار: پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی- همبستگی و تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل بزرگسالان ایرانی است که از این تعداد 370 نفر به عنوان نمونه پژوهش به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. داده ها به صورت آنلاین با استفاده از مقیاس وسواسی ییل-براون (Y-BOCS)، سبک های دلبستگی کالینز و رید (RAAS) و مقیاس اضطراب سلامت (HAI-18) جمع آوری شد. در تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از همبستگی پیرسون، رگرسیون چندگانه و تحلیل مسیر با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 26 و AMOS نسخه 24 استفاده شد.یافته‌ها: بین سبک‌های دلبستگی ایمن (10/0-=r)، دلبستگی اضطرابی (28/0=r)، دلبستگی اجتنابی (20/0-=r) و اضطراب سلامت (42/0=r) همبستگی معنی‌داری (01/0p<) مشاهده شد. ) با شدت علائم وسواس همبستگی معنی داری مشاهده شد. همچنین نتایج بوت استروپ نشان می‌دهد که نقش واسطه‌ای اضطراب سلامت در رابطه بین سبک‌های دلبستگی ناایمن اضطرابی و اجتنابی با شدت علائم وسواس معنادار است (001/0=P).نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌ها، سبک‌های دلبستگی اضطراب ناایمن و اجتناب ناایمن می‌توانند نه تنها با تعامل با اضطراب سلامت، شدت علائم وسواس را پیش‌بینی کنند، بلکه بر آن نیز تأثیر بگذارند

Analyzing forest residents' perception and knowledge of forest ecosystem services to guide forest management and biodiversity conservation

peer reviewedForest ecosystem services (FES) are perceived and valued differently by different occupational groups. It is necessary to understand the various viewpoints and determinants, which have significant implications for forest management and biodiversity conservation. This suggests a need for diverse site-specific socio-cultural valuations of ecosystem services (ES) worldwide to enhance our understanding of the complexity of human-nature interactions in different social-ecological systems. In an investigation of a study area of local communities around the Hara Biosphere Reserve in the Persian Gulf, we analyze how various people and groups value FES, the determinants of various perceptions, and the implications of people's perceptions of FES for forest management and biodiversity conservation. Using the exploratory sequential mixed method, data were collected through a household questionnaire survey of 155 randomly selected people and through interviews with key informants and authorities. A decision tree was used to classify major occupational groups, and a path analysis was used to identify direct and indirect relationships among factors affecting FES perceptions. On average, the residents of the park identified 71% of the total FES that were supplied, with the cultural services as the most widely identified, followed by provisioning, supporting and regulating services. Different occupational groups perceived FES divergently. This was associated with their economic dependence on FES, age, education, proximity to the reserve, and their attendance at environmental workshops. Considering general forest management, the study provides three suggestions. Firstly, socio-cultural valuations of FES are needed to identify and compare how different occupations value ecosystems and how their services contribute to the welfare of the residents. Secondly, education initiatives should elaborate how hidden/omitted functions of the ecosystem are associated with people's well-being, thus providing them with strong motivation to support conservation programs. Thirdly, making cultural services more accessible and profitable to the public links nature conservation with social and economic well-being, and reduces overharvesting of provisioning services