Moderating Role of Cognitive Style in Decision Making on the Relationshipbetween Satisfaction Factor and Turnover Intention

The aim of the paper is to identify the moderating effect of analytical cognitive style on the relationship between salary satisfaction and turnover intention among academicians. The survey approach questions were used in order to collect the primary data from informants. Total 502 complete questionnaires were collected back and used in the analysis. SPSS 21 was sued for developing database for analyzing data. The bivariate correlation and hierarchical multiple regression was used in analysis. The results of correlation revealed the significant relationship between salary and turnover intention, salary and analytical cognitive style, analytical and turnover intention. The academicians were found satisfied from the salary packages. The analytical cognitive style was found acting as a moderator between salary satisfaction and turnover intention. Complete moderation has occurred. So this study introduced the new model of job satisfaction with novel results of moderation in the theory of job satisfaction

Domestic violence among Pakistani women: an insight into literature

The objectives of this search were to estimate the burden of domestic violence, its contributing factors and strategies based on literature review for the prevention and control of domestic violence. Published literature about domestic violence in Pakistan during the years 1998 to 2008 was analyzed and scrutinized. This article is based on the searched result of 200 articles published in the English language from which finally 13 articles were selected. Search terms included “Violence”, “Domestic violence”, “Domestic violence in Pakistan” and “Strategies and Recommendations for Prevention of Domestic violence”. According to these studies, the intimate partners\u27 violence is reported as in the range of 30% to 79%. In Pakistan, there are some notable factors which make women prone to domestic violence like women\u27s low education, low empowerment, existing misconceptions about Islamic thoughts and traditional norms, misuse of women in the name of honor justifying honor killing, poverty and existence of unjust traditional dowry system in the society. The most common points made by researchers for prevention and control are 1) the need to recognize the domestic violence against women as an important issue 2) enhancement of educational and health facilities for the prevention and control of violence with combined awareness programs by governmental or nongovernmental organizations and 3) enactment and promulgation of comprehensive laws to combat this problem. Our work reveals that a significantly large proportion of women suffer with domestic violence and the factors identified are preventable and modifiable to a greater extent. Further research is also needed in this regar

Management of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis by Laminectomy Experience with 80 Patients

Objectives:  To study the clinical results and complications of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis managed surgically by single or two level laminectomy. Study design:  Retrospective study. Materials and methods:  This study was conducted in Neurosurgery Department of Lady Reading Hospital and Hayatabad Medical Complex Hospital, Peshawar from Jan, 2005 to December, 2007 with 06 months follow up. Total number of patients were 80. Data was collected with the help of performa containing name, age, sex of patients along-with signs symptoms, investigations, complications and follow up findings. Patients of both gender operated for the first time for lumbar spinal stenosis were included in the study Patients below 50 years, patients with spinal stenosis of more then 2 level, patients with spondylolisthesis and patients above 75 years were excluded from the study. Results:  Out of 80 patients 46 (57.5%) were male and 34 (42.5%) were female. 49 patients had single level laminectomy and 31 patients with two level laminectomies. 85% patients showed clinical improvement in pain and claudication, 6 patients had dural tear during surgery, one patient had CSF leak, 3 patients had superficial wound infection and 4 patients had urinary retention. Conclusion:  Laminectomy for lumbar spinal stenosis appears to be effective procedure in which better overall outcome and improvement in claudication, lower limbs pain and low backache can be achieved, improving health related quality of life

The comparison study between UK daylighting simulation-Malaysia daylighting simulations due to overcast sky conditions

Due to the growing demand for building energy simulation in buildings, lot of work has been done in research since last 50 years but still a huge area needs to be covered. The current state of research, which is moving towards building energy simulation is driven by the ongoing development. The ability to analyze energy requirements accurately in new buildings at various design stages can help clients achieve optimization and meet the requirements laid down by local energy legislation. Further increase in the demand for building energy performance simulation is too completed as new policies and regulations are coming up, such as the European Union (EU) directive on building energy performance. With increasing concern in this field, architects and building designers are demanding more simulation and validation to be performed on buildings prior to construction, so as to better understand the building design and energy performance relationships. This compassion study presented the sky conditions which are varying every single second. Therefore to analyze the performance of daylighting, its effectiveness that affected into work places in two different locations in UK and Malaysia

The Outcome of Burr Hole Evacuation Without Drain for Chronic Subdural Haematoma

Objective:  To evaluate the feasibility of burr hole evacuation of Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) without drain in terms of functional outcome, morbidity & mortality. Place & duration of study:  Department of neurosurgery, postgraduate medical institute, Hayatabad medical complex Peshawar, from 1st  July 2007 to 30th June 2008 with 3 months follow-up. Patients & methods:  This study included 65 patients who presented in our unit with Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) from 1st July 2007 to 30th June 2008.  Results:  A total number of 65 patients presented to us with Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) in above mentioned duration with a male to female ratio of 3.2:1 (51/16). The age range was from 27 years to 81 years with a Mean age of 57.5 years. 5 (8%) patients were 40 years of age & below, 12 (18%) patients were 41-50 years of age 26 (40%) patients were 51-60 years of age 14 (22%) patients were 61-70 years of age 8 (12%) patients were 71 years of age & above-history revealed fall in 26 (40%), RTA in 9 (14%), while 28 (43%) had no history of trauma.  Conclusion:  Single & double burr hole evacuation is a safe & effective treatment for Chronic subdural haema-toma (CSDH) with low complications rate. The mortality associated with Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is mainly determined by neurological status of the patient at time of presentation

The logistics of voucher management: The underreported component in family planning voucher discussions

Background: The purpose of health care vouchers or coupons is to receive a health service in exchange which is fully or partially subsidized, such as any treatment offered for communicable disease; for immunization; antenatal care-/postnatal care-related maternal health services; a family planning (FP) service; or to get a health commodity like a medicine. Vouchers are targeted for a group of people who can benefit the most such as on the basis of poverty ranking, marginalized or living in rural areas. According to the World Health Organization, voucher schemes in the area of sexual and reproductive health are considered of high value if they are implemented to address the issues of contraceptive commodity or service unavailability or to address the barriers to access such services through contracting out health services, for example, through social franchising (SF). FP vouchers can substantially expand contraceptive access and choice and empower the underserved populations. Literature cites voucher\u27s effectiveness in better targeting, increasing use, and improving program outcomes in FP programs; however, there is little research or explanation of how voucher management is done in practice.Discussion: The paper attempts to describe various components of voucher management system and its functioning using example of a voucher program in Pakistan. There are challenges such as high upfront cost, targeting the appropriate clients, validation of vouchers, and quality assurance, but these can be managed with better preparation at the planning and design stage. Strong monitoring and evaluation are integral to successful implementation of the voucher program. Also, voucher interventions that are targeted and adopt a pro-poor strategy have been found to improve access to care within poor and marginalized populations. Such programs have the capacity to bridge health inequities in developing nations. Targeted voucher schemes such as those which are designed as pro-poor or pro-rural are known to reduce barriers to access for those living with poverty or for the ones considered as marginalized population. Hence, such interventions have the capacity to fulfill the gaps in health inequities, especially, in low- and/or middle-income countries.Conclusion: Voucher programs should report the voucher logistics and management to build a larger evidence base of best practices. All voucher schemes must be designed, implemented, and evaluated on the basis of set objectives through addressing the local context. But any voucher implementing organization also conducting the in-house voucher management simultaneously may be considered as a weakness in program design, in turn providing rationale for either failure or success of that particular voucher intervention. Therefore, separating implementation and management of a voucher initiative can lead to enhanced transparency, improved accountability, allow for independent validation of services, and facilitate compliance for payments

A study protocol : using demand-side financing to meet the birth spacing needs of the underserved in Punjab Province in Pakistan

Background: High fertility rates, unwanted pregnancies, low modern contraceptive prevalence and a huge unmet need for contraception adversely affect women's health in Pakistan and this problem is compounded by limited access to reliable information and quality services regarding birth spacing especially in rural and underserved areas. This paper presents a study protocol that describes an evaluation of a demand-side financing (DSF) voucher approach which aims to increase the uptake of modern contraception among women of the lowest two wealth quintiles in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Methods/Design: This study will use quasi-experimental design with control arm and be implemented in: six government clinics from the Population Welfare Department; 24 social franchise facilities branded as `Suraj' (Sun), led by Marie Stopes Society (a local non-governmental organization); and 12 private sector clinics in Chakwal, Mianwali and Bhakkar districts. The study respondents will be interviewed at baseline and endline subject to voluntary acceptance and medical eligibility. In addition, health service data will record each client visit during the study period. Discussion: The study will examine the impact of vouchers in terms of increasing the uptake of modern contraception by engaging private and public sector service providers (mid-level and medical doctors). If found effective, this approach can be a viable solution to satisfying the current demand and meeting the unmet need for contraception, particularly among the poorest socio-economic group

Surgical Outcome of Lumbar Disc Surgery in 250 Patients

Objectives:  To study the outcome of patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation managed surgically by fenestration discectomy and laminectomy. Study design:  Retrospective study. Materials and Methods:  This study was conducted in Neurosurgery Department, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from Jan, 2006 to December, 2007 with 6 months follow up. Total numbers of patients were 250. Data was collected with the help of performa containing name, age, sex of patient along-with signs and symptoms, investigation, complications and follow up findings. Results:   We included patients of both gender with age ranging from 18 to 60 years with mean age 39 years including 147 (58.8%) male and 103 (41.2%) female ratio 1.42:1, 250 patients were operated upon for Lumbar Disc Herniation. 06 (2.4%) patients had superficial wound infection, 06 (2.4%)had dural tear with 2 (0.8%) postop CSF leak, 04 (1.6%) patients suffered discitis and 14 (5.6%) patients had reherniation of discs at same operative level. Patients with recurrent disc herniation, Disc herniation with spondylolisthesis, patients below 18 years and above 60 years and patient with Disc Prolapse above L3-4 were excluded from the study. Conclusion:  Lumbar disc surgery is safe and effective procedure in good and experienced surgical hands by which pain and neurological deficit of patients can be reduced and prevented giving them good quality of life. Proper patient selection is imperative in achieving successful outcome. By strict selection criteria we can reduce the complications of this procedure. Key words:  Lumbar Disc Herniation, Discectomy, Laminectomy