Conductivity Studies on K-Carrageenan-Methyl Cellulose Blend as Bio-Polymer Electrolyte / Rosnah Zakaria and Ab Malik Marwan Ali

Solid polymer-based electrolyte materials are a great interest due to their many interesting characteristics such as flexibility, and it is easily prepared into films with a large surface area. Two sets of k-carrageenan-methyl cellulose samples were prepared using the solution casting method. Set 1, the wt% of k-Carrageenan was fixed at 0.1 wt%, while methyl cellulose and NH4I was varied. Set 2, the wt% of methyl-cellulose was fixed to 0.1 wt%, and the carrageenan and NH4I were varied. The functional group of samples were studied using FTIR spectroscopy, and the ionic conductivity was studied using impedance spectroscopy, EIS at room temperature. FTIR spectra from set 1 show a small hump at between the 1500 cm-1 to 1000 cm-1 spectra’s which O=S=O symmetrical vibration from methyl cellulose component. This hump was shifted to higher wavenumber due to the increasing of NH4I wt% in the samples. The second region of set 2’s spectra shows the wavenumber between 2000 cm-1 to 1500 cm-1 is the deformation of H-O-H band interactions and its wavenumber decreasing as the addition of salts increasing. The third region of spectra between 1500 cm-1 to 1000 cm-1 represents the band of O=S=O symmetrical vibration. This bands shifted to the lower wavenumber due to addition of salts, and it became less intense towards salt addition. On the other hand, the best conductivity is 6.00 x 10-8 S cm-1 which belongs to B2 of set 2 with the composition of 0.3 wt% k-carrageenan with 0.1 wt% methylcellulose and 0.6 wt% NH4I salt and the lowest conductivity is 3.19 x 10-9 S cm-1 which its composition is 0.1 wt% k-carrageenan with 0.4 wt% methylcellulose and 0.5 wt% NH4I salt in sample D1 of set 1. In conclusion, the optimum component by weight percentage of k-carrageenan: methyl cellulose: NH4I is 0.3:0.1:0.6

Data mining analysis on Ships collision risk and marine traffic characteristic of Port Klang Malaysia waterways from automatic identification system (AIS) / Masnawi Mustaffa ... [et al.]

Abstract— Port Klang is one of the busiest ports in the worlds and have played an important role to ensure the import and export activities towards Malaysian economy sector. Port Klang located in a busy marine sea route of Strait of Malacca received a great amount of vessels making it a high density port and more likely exposed to the collision risk. From the analysis of Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, the marine traffic pattern of the study area will be characterized. The raw AIS data collected through AIS receiver that was installed at Universiti Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam, Malaysia. The data was collected from July 2016 until December 2016. A web-based application was developed to decode the raw data collected for analysis and characteristic purpose. The decoded raw data were presented statically and through graphical method. The variable that need to be consider such as number of vessels, type of vessels, course over ground, and speed over ground of the vessels. The path for dangerous category vessels was also plotted

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Magnesium/Grafena Berlapis Nano (Mg/GBN)

Sejak grafena berhasil diisolasi pada tahun 2004, material ini telah banyak digunakan sebagai perangkat penyimpanan energi elektrokimia dan sejumlah aplikasi lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi dan ukuran partikel logam Mg terhadap struktur, morfologi, dan konduktivitas listrik Mg/GBN. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimen laboratorium dan deskriptif. GBN disintesis melalui metode Hummers termodifikasi dan Mg 10, 20, 30 dan 40 % massa/GBN disintesis melalui metode impregnasi dengan menggunakan kristal MgCl2.6H2O sebagai prekursor. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan terhadap masing-masing material dengan menggunakan XRD, SEM-EDX dan Konduktometer berhasil membuktikan bahwa permukaan grafena mampu mereduksi ion logam Mg2+ menjadi Mg0 dan mampu mengendalikan distribusi ukuran dan persebaran partikel logam Mg yang terdeposit pada permukaan lembaran grafena. Sementara itu, partikel logam Mg yang berhasil terdeposit mampu menghambat terjadinya aglomerasi dan penumpukan kembali lembaran grafena sehingga mampu meningkatkan mobilitas elektron dan konduktivitas listrik grafena

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Magnesium/Grafena Berlapis Nano (Mg/GBN)

Sejak grafena berhasil diisolasi pada tahun 2004, material ini telah banyak digunakan sebagai perangkat penyimpanan energi elektrokimia dan sejumlah aplikasi lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi dan ukuran partikel logam Mg terhadap struktur, morfologi, dan konduktivitas listrik Mg/GBN. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimen laboratorium dan deskriptif. GBN disintesis melalui metode Hummers termodifikasi dan Mg 10, 20, 30 dan 40 % massa/GBN disintesis melalui metode impregnasi dengan menggunakan kristal MgCl2.6H2O sebagai prekursor. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan terhadap masing-masing material dengan menggunakan XRD, SEM-EDX dan Konduktometer berhasil membuktikan bahwa permukaan grafena mampu mereduksi ion logam Mg2+ menjadi Mg0 dan mampu mengendalikan distribusi ukuran dan persebaran partikel logam Mg yang terdeposit pada permukaan lembaran grafena. Sementara itu, partikel logam Mg yang berhasil terdeposit mampu menghambat terjadinya aglomerasi dan penumpukan kembali lembaran grafena sehingga mampu meningkatkan mobilitas elektron dan konduktivitas listrik grafena

The coagulation impact of 50% epoxidised natural rubber chain in ethylene carbonate-plasticized solid electrolytes

In this research, thin, soft and flexible free standing films can be obtained from poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/50% epoxidised natural rubber (ENR 50)/lithium triflate (LiCF(3)SO(3)) blends. However, phase separation is observed on the surface of the films which indicates that the blending is not homogeneous. The blend became more homogeneous when ethylene carbonate (EC) plasticizer is introduced into the blend system. However, the anti-plasticization effect of EC on ENR 50 occurs at lower concentration of EC at which the rubber became coagulated due to immiscibility of the rubber with EC plasticizer during solution casting. These ENR 50 coagulates can be observed as large solid structures in the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) micrographs of the EC-plasticized rubber-based electrolytes. The presence of these coagulates, hinder the migration of lithium ions in the system and also trap the lithium ions within the coil. This in turn reduced the number of free lithium ions that contribute to the ionic conduction. As a result, the conductivity of the un-plasticized PMMA/ENR 50/LiCF(3)SO(3) film dropped drastically by two orders of magnitude

The new material battery based on Mg/C-π

Herein, the effect of the size of Mg clusters on graphene nano sheets (GNS) and N-GNS (C-π) is investigated. The dependence of the electric conductivities of C-π on the electrolytes was also explored. This work aims to clarify the size effect of Mg clusters on Mg/C-π and to study the effect of addition of electrolytes to C-π materials on their electrical conductivities and chemical interaction between Mg on GNS and N-GNS, respectively. GNS and N-GNS are synthesized by modified Hummers and N-dopant method at room temperature, respectively. Characterization of each material is carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX), and multimeter. The results show that the Mg cluster are well deposited on GNS and N-GNS and the addition of Mg metal and electrolyte materials can increase the electrical conductivities of Mg/GNS (69.9301 μS cm−1) and Mg/N-GNS (96.1538 μS cm−1), comparing to graphite (26.7 μS cm−1) and anode of commercial battery (26.0 μS cm−1). The addition of electrolyte can also increase the reduction power of Mg metal particles and the electron mobility of Mg/GNS and Mg/N-GNS materials. Interestingly, the electrolyte could reduce the size of Mg clusters and modulate the mobility of electrons. Data conclude that Mg/GNS and Mg/N-GNS can be produced into battery electrodes with better electrical conductivity

Facile method to synthesize of magnesium-graphene nano sheets for candidate of primary battery electrode

The effect of particle sizes of Mg on Magnesium-Graphene nano sheets (Mg-GNS (C-π)) interaction when used as an anode of primary battery was evaluated. GNS was synthesized using the modified Hummers method, while Mg/GNS composite with 10–40% Mg was prepared by a facile impregnation method. XRD data of Mg/GNS shows peaks of C(002) and Mg(102) at 2θ = 26.77° and 44.69°, respectively, indicating Mg metals were successfully introduced onto GNS surfaces. These data are consistent with the EDX spectrum which shows peaks of C (0.277 keV) and Mg (1.253 keV). Mg 10%/GNS (3.871 μm) and Mg 30%/GNS (4.485 μm) have the smallest and largest metal particle size deposited, respectively. Mg 10%/GNS (62.9 μS/cm2) has a higher electrical conductivity value than the bare GNS (61.4 μS/cm2) and commercial primary battery anode (Zn plate, 35 μS/cm2). The results obtained show that GNS is able to modify the metallic character of Mg (p-s interaction). Furthermore, the presence of Mg metal deposition on the GNS surface is able to produce Mg/GNS with increased electrical conductivity so that it could be used as an alternative anode primary battery

Developing Nickel/Graphene Nano Sheets as an alternative primary battery anode

In this paper, we report the development of Nickel (Ni)/Graphene Nano Sheets (GNS) as a primary battery anode. The research focuses on the effect of Ni particle sizes on the performance of Ni/GNS anode. GNS and Ni/GNS (Ni wt% from 10 to 40%) are synthesized using the modified Hummers and impregnation method. We employed the use of commercial Zn-plate as an anode reference material. The materials are characterized with XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM and electrical conductivity meter. The XRD spectra of Ni-GNS have the broad and weak peaks at 2θ = 26.77 and 44.55° identified as C (002) and Ni (111), respectively. The XRD data is consistent with data obtained from EDX analysis which showed the presence of C and Ni at 0.277 and 7.472 keV respectively. The smallest Ni particle sizes of 23.4 nm was synthesized from Ni(20%)/GNS, Interestingly, the small particle size of Ni may improve the electrical conductivity of Ni/GNS. We found that Ni(20%)/GNS (62.2 μS/cm2) has a higher electrical conductivity value than GNS (61.4 μS/cm2) with commercial primary battery anodes Zn plate showing electrical conductivities of 35 μS/cm2. We therefore proposed the potential of Ni/GNS to be developed as alternative materials for primary battery anode

First-Principles Study on Structural and Electronic Properties of Cubic (Pm3m) And Tetragonal (P4mm) ATiO₃ (A=Pb, Sn) / Nurakma Natasya Md Jahangir Alam …[et al.]

This work focuses on exploring lead-free ferroelectric materials that have a comparable unique ns2 solitary pair electrons with Pb (II), for example, Sn (II) using the first-principles study. All counts were performed dependent on ultrasoft pseudopotential of Density Functional Theory (DFT) that has been executed in the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP). The convergence test for cut-off energy and k-point was performed to measure the accuracy of the calculations. It is shown that the structures have threshold energy of 350 eV and k-point of 4x4x4 with Monkhorst Pack. The structural properties for both cubic and tetragonal structures ATiO3 (Pb, Sn) have shown the comparable value of the lattice parameter that was in agreement with previous work. Generalised gradient approximation (GGA) PBE displays the most exact qualities for cross-section parameters concerning exploratory qualities for both cubic PbTiO₃ while GGA-PBEsol functional is the best functional approximation for tetragonal PTO. The electronic band structure and density of states show the presence of hybridizations between anion O 2p and cation Pb 6s/Sn 5s unique solitary pair in tetragonal PTO and SnTO stage. The calculations have shown that both cubic and tetragonal structure of ATiO3 (A=Pb, Sn) has an indirect bandgap of 1.169 eV, 1.164 eV, 1.703 eV, and 1.016 eV respectively. It is shown that tetragonal structures have a higher value of bandgap compared to cubic structures

Studies of the absorbance peak on the N719 dye influence by combination between Cadmium Selenide (CdSe)QDs and Zinc Sulfide(ZnS)QDs

The absorption rate of the photoanode can be influenced by the combination between the difference semiconductor quantum dot sensitizer. Six samples were prepared with difference weight percent (wt%) of ZnS from 0% to 50% and constant wt% of CdSe which then will be called as semiconductor QDs were immersed in 0.5mM of N719 dye. The purity of ZnS powder and CdSe powder was determined using x-ray diffraction (XRD).The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (Uv-Vis) use to investigate the absorption spectrum and absorbance peak of this sample. 50 wt% of ZnS is the best composition to increase the absorbance peak of the photoanode. The Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of varying wt% of ZnS, found that the 40 wt% of ZnS is suitable combination for a DSSC’s photoanode and produced the higher current