EFICIÊNCIA NA EMERGÊNCIA E PRODUTIVIDADE DOS DIFERENTES TIPOS DE BATATA-SEMENTE

The potato seed in Brazil is marketed by weight and not on the number of tubers, which is a factor that affects on the cost of production, making essential the knowledge of how characters like weight and emergency efficiency of potato seed can influence the performance of culture. The purpose of this study was to identify the size of the potato seed that has greatest emergency and productivity. Five potato seed types (I, II, III, IV e V) were evaluated, according to the classification of the state of Minas Gerais. The experimental design used in the first trial was completely randomized (greenhouse), and in two field trials were used randomized complete block, all with five replications. The results showed that there is difference in most traits, except to average weight of tubers. It was observed that larger potato seed has more number of eyes, shoots and therefore more rods. It was noted that the larger potato seeds provide increases in productivity (t ha-1), whereas the same spacing between plants. Type I potato seed has the higher fresh weight. There are differences in productivity, given the same spacing, for different types of potato seed, and the Type I has the highest tuber production.A batata-semente no Brasil é comercializada com base no seu peso e não no número de tubérculos, sendo este um fator que afeta sobremaneira o custo de produção, tornando imprescindível o conhecimento de como as características peso e eficiência na emergência da batata-semente influenciam no desempenho agronômico da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o tamanho da batata-semente que possui maior eficiência na emergência e produtividade. Foram avaliados cinco tipos de classificação da batata-semente (I, II, III, IV e V), de acordo com a classificação do estado de Minas Gerais. O delineamento experimental utilizado no primeiro experimento foi o inteiramente casualizado (casa de vegetação), e nos dois experimentos conduzidos em campo utilizaram-se blocos casualizados, todos com cinco repetições. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que existe diferença significativa para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados, exceto para peso médio de tubérculos. Observou-se que quanto maior o tamanho do tubérculo da batata-semente, maior o número de olhos, brotos e consequentemente maior número de hastes. Foi possível verificar que quanto maior o tamanho da batata-semente maior será a produtividade (t ha-1), considerando o mesmo espaçamento entre plantas. O Tipo I de batata-semente é o que possui maior massa fresca. Existem diferenças quanto à produtividade, considerando o mesmo espaçamento, para os diferentes tipos de batata-semente, sendo o Tipo I o que apresenta maior produção de tubérculos comerciáveis

Expression of self-incompatibility in Coffea canephora genotypes grown in the western Amazon

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a expressão de autoincom­patibilidade gametofítica em uma população de melhoramento do cafeeiro Coffea canephora, para fornecer subsídios ao manejo e ao desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. Para tanto, foram realizadas 550 polinizações in vitro entre 62 plantas matrizes, das quais 27 foram da variedade botânica conilon e 35 da robusta. Foram identificados 32 genótipos compatíveis com todos os testadores previamente conhecidos, o que indica a existência de novos grupos de compatibilidade. A partir desses resultados, foram realizadas hibridações em delineamento em dialelo completo com cruzamentos recíprocos para caracterizar novas plantas testadoras. Com base na resposta de compatibilidade com as plantas testadoras, os genótipos foram agrupados nos seguintes seis grupos: grupo I, 11 (17,74%) genótipos; grupo II, 13 (20,97%); grupo III, 6 (9,68%); grupo IV, 9 (14,52%); grupo V, 8 (12,90%); e grupo VI, 15 (24,19%). Os genótipos da variedade botânica robusta apresentam maior frequência de plantas no grupo de compatibilidade VI e maior variabilidade genética, enquanto os da variedade conilon mostram maior frequência de plantas no grupo de compatibilidade II. A identificação de novos grupos de compatibilidade fornece subsídios para novas práticas de manejo que buscam aumentar a eficiência da polinização pelo favorecimento natural de cruzamentos totalmente compatíveis.The objective of this work was to characterize the expression of gametophytic self-incompatibility in a Coffea canephora breeding population, to assist in the management and development of new cultivars. For that purpose, 550 in vitro pollinations were carried out among 62 parent plants, of which 27 were from the conilon botanical variety and 35 from the robusta. Thirty-two genotypes compatible with all previously known testers were identified, suggesting the existence of new compatibility groups. From these results, hybridizations were carried out in a complete diallel design with reciprocal crosses to characterize new test plants. Based on the compatibility response with the test plants, the genotypes were clustered into the six following groups: group 1, 11 (17.74%) genotypes; group II, 13 (20.97%); group III, 6 (9.68%); group IV, 9 (14.52%); group V, 8 (12.90%); and group VI, 15 (24.19%). The genotypes of the botanical variety robusta show a higher frequency of plants in compatibility group VI and a greater genetic variability, whereas those of the conilon variety have a higher frequency of plants in compatibility group II. The identification of new compatibility groups assists in new management practices that seek to increase the efficiency of pollination by favoring, through natural means, fully compatible crosses

Characterization of resistance response of Coffea canephora genotypes to Meloiddogyne incognita (Est I2) root-knot nematode

Meloidogynose is prominent among the factors that limit yield in C. canephora in the western Amazon, Brazil. It is caused by species of “root-knot nematode”; the most important and aggressive of these species for coffee is M. incognita. The aim of this study was to assist the selection of resistant genotypes by characterizing the reaction of 32 C. canephora clones to M. incognita (Est I2). These genotypes are selected plants from the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Rondônia of the botanical varieties Conilon, Robusta and intervarietal hybrids. The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions by inoculating six seedlings for each clone with 10 ml of suspension containing 5000 eggs of a pure inoculum of M. incognita. At 150 days after inoculation, evaluations were made of fresh weight of roots (FWR), total number of galls (NG), total number of eggs (NE), and the nematode reproduction factor (RF=final population/initial population). In contrast with the susceptible controls of arabica coffee (RF=1.2) and tomato plants (RF=31.3), six clones of the Conilon botanical variety, five clones of the Robusta botanical variety and eight intervarietal hybrids reacted as resistant to M. incognita, exhibiting RF < 1 and a reduced number of galls (NGmean = < 10). The clones identified as resistant in this study were integrated in the coffee breeding program in Rondônia for development of cultivars resistant to the root-knot nematode adapted to tropical conditions

Different volumes of tubes for clonal propagation of Coffea canephora from seedlings

The aim in the present study was to evaluate the growth of Coffea canephora cv. ‘Conilon BRS Ouro Preto’ seedlings in different tube volumes. The experiment was performed at Embrapa Rondônia plant nursery in Ouro Preto do Oeste, Rondônia, Brazil, from July to November 2013. The treatments consisted of five tube volumes (50, 100, 170, 280 and 400 cm3) plus one control composed by polyethylene bags (11 cm width x 20 cm height) with capacity of 770 cm3. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 15 replicates, formed by 15 clones that compose the Conilon ‘BRS Ouro Preto’ cultivar. The tube volume of 280 cm3 provide the best vegetative performance of seedlings, similarly to volume of 400 cm3, thus, the use of larger tubes would not justify. Tubes of 50, 100 and 170 cm3 produce seedlings with physiological quality similar to the control until 130 days after staking, but may limit the development of seedlings in a longer period

Análise de componentes principais em caracteres morfológicos de café arábica emestádio juvenil

In plant breeding and selection, it is necessary to evaluate a great number of traits that are naturally associated. Thus, the use of multivariate analysis, such as Principal Component Analysis, can assist data interpretation. The aim of this study was to identify which morphological traits are of greatest importance to discriminate juvenile Coffea arabica genotypes. Cultivars, hybrids and some wild genotypes were evaluated from a coffee genebank maintained by the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, in Patrocínio, MG, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design was used with two replicates, spacing of 3.5 x 0.8 meters and ten plants per plot. The morphological characters were measured at 12 months after the plantation, at the plants juvenile phase. Only the first two major components explained 80.04% of total variance. Among the morphological evaluated traits, the length of the first plagiotropic branch, the plant vitality, the stem diameter and the nodes number of the first plagiotropic branch are the most important variables to discriminate the genotypes. These evaluations are important to the early selection of the genotypes of higher potential allowing to concentrate efforts in their evaluating, discarding other minor traits.Para a seleção de plantas que reúnam uma série de características favoráveis, faz-se necessário a avaliação um de grande número de variáveis, que naturalmente estão associadas. Desse modo, o emprego da análise multivariada, como a análise de Componentes Principais, pode ser útil na interpretação dos dados. Objetivou-se, no presente estudo, identificar quais são os caracteres morfológicos de maior importância na discriminação entre genótipos juvenis de Coffea arabica. Foram avaliados 250 acessos (cultivares, híbridos e alguns genótipos selvagens) oriundos do banco de germoplasma de café, instaladona fazenda experimental da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, em Patrocínio, MG. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com duas repetições, espaçamento de 3,5 x 0,8 metros, com parcelas de dez plantas. Os caracteres morfológicos foram avaliados em 2006, 12 meses após a implantação da cultura, com as plantas ainda na fase juvenil. Por meio dos resultados constatou-se que os dois primeiros componentes principais explicaram 80,04% da variação total. Dentre as características morfológicas avaliadas, o comprimento do 1º ramo plagiotrópico, vigor, diâmetro do caule e número de nós do 1º ramo plagiotrópico são as variáveis de maior importância na distinção dos acessos. Essa informação permite uma maior concentração de esforços na avaliação das mesmas, descartando outras variáveis de menor importância

Selection efficiency for increasing physic nut oil content

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos de características de qualidade de grãos de pinhão‑manso (Jatropha curcas) e quantificar o progresso genético da seleção. O teor de óleo dos grãos e os pesos de grãos, amêndoas e casca de 120 plantas, selecionadas ao acaso em plantio comercial, foram avaliados aos 36 e 48 meses de cultivo. O progresso genético foi quantificado por meio da avaliação dos ganhos diretos e da utilização de índices de seleção. O efeito da interação genótipos x medição foi significativo para todas as características avaliadas; portanto, há genótipos com comportamento diferenciado nas duas colheitas. Os parâmetros genéticos indicaram predominância da variação genotípica na expressão das características avaliadas, e observou-se tendência de manutenção da superioridade dos genótipos ao longo do tempo. O índice de seleção genótipo‑ideótipo resultou em maior ganho total e promoveu alteração mais equilibrada na média das características. A seleção direta para peso de amêndoa resulta em ganhos totais semelhantes aos obtidos com a utilização dos índices de seleção.The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) grain quality traits and to quantify the genetic progress with selection. Seed oil content, and seed, kernel, andshell weights of 120 plants, randomly selected in a commercial planting, were evaluated at 36 and 48 months. Genetic progress was quantified by the evaluation of direct gains and by the use of selection indexes. The genotype x measurement interaction was significant for all evaluated traits; therefore, there are genotypes with different behavior in the two cropping seasons. The genetic parameters indicated a higher proportionof genotypic variation in the expression of the evaluated traits, and a trend of the genotypes to maintain their genetic superiority over time was observed. The genotype‑ideotype selection index resulted in higher genetic gains and promoted a more balanced alteration in the trait means. The direct selection for kernel weight results in genetic gains similar to those obtained with the use of the selection indexes

Quality evaluation of Coffea canephora ‘Apoatã’ seeds for rootstock production

Coffea canephora ‘Apoatã’ seeds are used for the formation of rootstocks for grafting of C. arabica seedlings. The quality of seeds and the individualization of used genotypes are prevalent factors for the formation of vigorous rootstocks that will enhance the formation of quality seedlings. The aim of the present study was to characterize and evaluate the seed quality of C. canephora ‘Apoatã’ genotypes for potential use of rootstocks for C. arabica species. Were used seeds of 30 C. canephora ‘Apoatã’ genotypes, obtained from the experimental field of Embrapa Rondônia in Ouro Preto do Oeste, RO, Brazil. The seeds were processed and subjected to germination, first germination count and tetrazolium tests. Moisture, 100- seed mass and chemical composition analyses of seeds were also determined. The mass, physiological quality and chemical composition of C. canephora ‘Apoatã’ seeds vary according to the genotype. The variation of the physiological quality of C. canephora ‘Apoatã’ seeds is not related individually to caffeine, total sugars, ash, ether extract, crude fiber protein and chlorogenic acid. Seed batches of C. canephora ‘Apoatã’ from different genotypes contain seeds of different sizes, being indicated the classification before the processing stage in order to prevent mechanical damages

Self-Incompatibility and Pollination Efficiency in <i>Coffea canephora</i> Using Fluorescence Microscopy

In nature, the ability to avoid self-fertilization has evolved to prevent the deleterious effects of inbreeding. However, under cultivation conditions, self-incompatibility can reduce the pollination efficiency of Coffea canephora. The objective of this study was to characterize the self-incompatibility expression of the most cultivated genotypes in Western Amazonia, to improve the management of this coffee plant. In vitro pollinations were conducted among 45 genotypes, and the development of pollen tubes was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy. Pollination efficiency was evaluated considering the allelic variability within a breeding population from an ideal condition of maximum genetic variability. Based on the compatibility response, the genotypes were organized into six groups: group I (24.4%), group II (31.1%), group III (24.4%), group IV (2.2%), group V (2.2%), and group VI (15.6%). The lower frequencies of groups IV, V, and VI were associated with the lower frequency of the rarest allelic forms in this breeding population (p = 0.36, q = 0.26, r = 0.29, and s = 0.10). The correspondence between allelic and genotypic frequencies indicates that this population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for this trait. Considering the cultivation of 2 to 10 clones, the population studied showed intermediate pollination efficiency between an ideal HWE population with p = q = r = s = 0.25 and a population with the rarest allelic forms (p = 0.48, q = 0.32, r = 0.19, s = 0.01). Efficiency estimates were stabilized from the cultivation of five clones, indicating that cultivating a minimum number of clones should be considered. Theoretically, maximum pollination efficiency is achieved by representing all alleles in equal proportions, whereas in practice, farmers should ensure the cultivation of plants from different compatibility groups, without significant imbalances

Adaptabilidade e estabilidade da produção de café beneficiado em <italic>Coffea canephora</italic>

<p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade discriminatória de métodos para seleção e recomendação de clones de cafeeiros da espécie<bold> Coffea canephora</bold>, considerando a interação genótipos x anos na distribuição da produtividade de café beneficiado, nos períodos de 2000 a 2004 e de 2007 a 2011. O efeito significativo da interação genótipos x anos indicou que existem clones que apresentaram desempenho não consistente ao longo do tempo. Os métodos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">LIN & BINNS (1988</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">ANNICCHIARICO (1992</xref>) apresentaram resultados similares, de modo que um deles pode ser utilizado em substituição ao outro. O método de EBERHART & RUSSEL (1966) identificou parte dos clones de adaptação específica, enquanto que os métodos, MHPRVG e centroide permitiram caracterizar os clones de maior adaptabilidade e estabilidade, apresentando resultados complementares. A seleção de plantas baseada na distribuição da produtividade de café beneficiado ao longo do tempo permitiu selecionar clones de desempenho superior sem acentuar a bienalidade.</p

Selection of arabica coffee progenies tolerant to heat stress

Due to high temperatures, practically all coffee farms in the state of Rondonia are of the C. canephora species. Thus, importing arabica coffee from other states becomes necessary for composition of blends, as well as for the specialty or gourmet coffee market. The purpose of this study was to select arabica coffee genotypes that exhibit satisfactory agronomic performance under high temperature conditions. The experiment was conducted in OuroPreto do Oeste, RO, Brazil, with mean annual temperature of 25.8°C and mean annual rainfall of 2300mm year-1. The experiment was composed of 114 arabica coffee genotypes, with 103 progenies and eleven control cultivars, provided by EPAMIG. A randomized block experimental design was used with three replications, spacing of 3.0x1.0 meters and five plants per plot. All the crop seasons showed significant difference for the green coffee yield trait. In joint analysis, significant differences were detected among progenies and control cultivars. In the average of the four harvests, green coffee yield was 32.38 bags ha-1. The cultivars 'CatuaíVermelho IAC 15', 'Obatã IAC 1669-20' and 'Catucaí Amarelo 2SLCAK' stood out, achieving yields greater than 40 bags ha-1. The gain obtained from selection was 14.33 bags ha-1, which is equivalent to an increase of 44.04% in production of green coffee. The progeny H514-7-10-6-2-3-9 stood out with an average yield of 51.20 bags ha-1. In regard to maturation cycle, 56% of the progenies were classified as early maturity and 44% as medium maturity. Late maturity genotypes were not observe