Modelos matemáticos e computadorizados da mudança dos parâmetros da camada de grão durante o movimento do grão através da zona de microondas e convecção

In the process of drying the grain in a dense layer in motion, the grain moves through the grain dryer. The movement of the grain layers is usually uneven. In addition, it is likely that the temperature and consumption of the desiccant agent will not remain the same throughout the height of the drying zone. The specific power of the microwave field in the drying zone can also alter. All these factors affect the speed and uniformity of drying of the grain layer throughout the drying zone.In the first stage, an analysis of the theoretical studies on the subject was carried out. It was determined that to date there has not been presented any work in which mathemati-cal models of heat and humidity exchange in a dense layer of grain in motion with con-sideration of the relative vertical movement of the layers. Therefore, it is necessary to develop such a mathematical model.As an initial configuration for the development of a mathematical description of the drying process, it was deemed appropriate to use the configuration of the microwave and convection zone developed by the authors.The equal probability of combination of parameters of the desiccant agent temperature, its relative humidity, the velocity and distance from the caryopsis to the waveguide was assumed. From this point, we developed a computerized microwave and convection drying model that takes into account this type of change in the parameters.The results of the grain drying simulation demonstrated the efficiency of the computer model obtained, reflecting the influence of fluctuations in grain parameters and the microwave field in the drying process.To evaluate the accuracy of the obtained model, it is necessary to carry out experimental studies.En el proceso de secado del grano en una capa densa en movimiento, el grano se mueve en la secadora de grano. El movimiento de las capas de grano suele ser desigual. Además, es probable que la temperatura y el consumo del agente desecante no permanezcan iguales a lo largo de la altura de la zona de secado. La potencia específica del campo de microondas en la zona de secado también puede alterar. Todos estos factores afectan la velocidad y la uniformidad de secado de la capa de grano en toda la zona de secado.En la primera etapa, llevamos a cabo un análisis de los estudios teóricos sobre el tema. Hemos modelos matemáticos de intercambio de calor y humedad en una capa de grano densa en movimiento con consideración del movimiento vertical relativo de las capas. Por lo tanto, es necesario desarrollar tal modelo matemático.Como configuración inicial para el desarrollo de una descripción matemática del proceso de secado, consideramos conveniente utilizar la configuración de la zona de microondas y convección desarrollada por los autores.Se supuso la probabilidad igual de combinación de parámetros de la temperatura del agente desecante, su humedad relativa, la velocidad y la distancia de la cariopse a la guía de ondas. A partir de ello, desarrollamos un modelo computarizado de secado por microondas y convección que toma en consideración este tipo de cambio en los parámetros.Los resultados de la simulación de secado de grano demostraron la aptitud del modelo computarizado obtenido, reflejando la influencia de las fluctuaciones en los parámetros de grano y el campo de microondas en el proceso de secado.Para evaluar la precisión del modelo obtenido, es necesario realizar estudios experimentales.No processo de secagem do grão em uma camada densa em movimento, o grão se move no secador de grãos. O movimento das camadas de grãos é geralmente irregular. Além disso, é provável que a temperatura e o consumo do agente de secagem não permaneçam os mesmos ao longo da altura da zona de secagem. A potência específica do campo de microondas na zona de secagem também pode ser alterada. Todos esses fatores afetam a velocidade e a uniformidade de secagem da camada de grãos em toda a zona de secagem.Na primeira etapa, realizamos uma análise dos estudos teóricos sobre o assunto. Determinamos que até hoje não houve trabalhos em que modelos matemáticos de troca de calor e umidade em uma camada de grão denso em movimento são contemplados considerando o movimento vertical relativo das camadas. Portanto, é necessário desenvolver um modelo matemático desse tipo.Como configuração inicial para o desenvolvimento de uma descrição matemática do processo de secagem, consideramos conveniente utilizar a configuração da zona de microondas e convecção desenvolvida pelos autores.A probabilidade igual de combinação de parâmetros de temperatura do agente dessecante, sua umidade relativa, a velocidade e a distância entre o cariopse e o guia de ondas foi assumida. A partir disso, desenvolvemos um modelo computadorizado de secagem por microconvecção e convecção que leva em conta esse tipo de mudança nos parâmetros.Os resultados da simulação de secagem de grãos demonstraram a adequação do modelo computacional obtido, refletindo a influência das flutuações nos parâmetros de grãos e do campo de microondas no processo de secagem.Para avaliar a precisão do modelo obtido, é necessário realizar estudos experimentais

Polarized blazar X-rays imply particle acceleration in shocks

Most of the light from blazars, active galactic nuclei with jets of magnetized plasma that point nearly along the line of sight, is produced by high-energy particles, up to around 1 TeV. Although the jets are known to be ultimately powered by a supermassive black hole, how the particles are accelerated to such high energies has been an unanswered question. The process must be related to the magnetic field, which can be probed by observations of the polarization of light from the jets. Measurements of the radio to optical polarization—the only range available until now—probe extended regions of the jet containing particles that left the acceleration site days to years earlier1,2,3, and hence do not directly explore the acceleration mechanism, as could X-ray measurements. Here we report the detection of X-ray polarization from the blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501). We measure an X-ray linear polarization degree ΠX of around 10%, which is a factor of around 2 higher than the value at optical wavelengths, with a polarization angle parallel to the radio jet. This points to a shock front as the source of particle acceleration and also implies that the plasma becomes increasingly turbulent with distance from the shock

X-ray Polarization Observations of BL Lacertae

Blazars are a class of jet-dominated active galactic nuclei with a typical double-humped spectral energy distribution. It is of common consensus the Synchrotron emission to be responsible for the low frequency peak, while the origin of the high frequency hump is still debated. The analysis of X-rays and their polarization can provide a valuable tool to understand the physical mechanisms responsible for the origin of high-energy emission of blazars. We report the first observations of BL Lacertae performed with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer ({IXPE}), from which an upper limit to the polarization degree $\Pi_X<$12.6\% was found in the 2-8 keV band. We contemporaneously measured the polarization in radio, infrared, and optical wavelengths. Our multiwavelength polarization analysis disfavors a significant contribution of proton synchrotron radiation to the X-ray emission at these epochs. Instead, it supports a leptonic origin for the X-ray emission in BL Lac.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

Engineering and Analytical Method for Estimating the Parametric Reliability of Products by a Low Number of Tests

The paper provides an overview of methods for determining reliability indicators and, on the basis of the analysis, proposes a new method for assessing the parametric reliability of products based on a small number of tests. The determination of the parameters and double logistic distribution based on the test results is considered, a statistical experiment was carried out, which was based on the method of statistical modeling of Monte Carlo. An example of evaluating parametric reliability by a new method is also given, on the basis of which an engineering technique is proposed. In the conclusion, remarks are made regarding the advantages of the novel method

Engineering and Analytical Method for Estimating the Parametric Reliability of Products by a Low Number of Tests

The paper provides an overview of methods for determining reliability indicators and, on the basis of the analysis, proposes a new method for assessing the parametric reliability of products based on a small number of tests. The determination of the parameters and double logistic distribution based on the test results is considered, a statistical experiment was carried out, which was based on the method of statistical modeling of Monte Carlo. An example of evaluating parametric reliability by a new method is also given, on the basis of which an engineering technique is proposed. In the conclusion, remarks are made regarding the advantages of the novel method

The Environmental Impact of Pig Farming

This study aimed to develop a methodology to evaluate the protection of animals and people from the harmful effects of the farm's microclimate and environment, taking into consideration the energy, economic and environmental indicators. To achieve this goal, the following were determined for 2019 for the eight countries which are the world leaders in the field of pig farming: the volumes of carbon dioxide pollution, ammonia, dust and manure, and the analytical dependencies between the feed consumption, pig productivity and the concentration of ammonia inside the farm. The weight gain of pigs reduced by 15% with an increase in the concentration of ammonia in the internal air of livestock houses to 20 mg/m3 , but the feed wastage increased by 12%. Mathematical models were developed to estimate the relationships between the feed consumption, pig productivity and the concentration of harmful gas (ammonia) which is one of the main parameters of the microclimate. The results will be used in making technical and technological decisions in the field of microclimate, cleaning and disposal of farm manure. Keywords: pig, farming, ecology, environmen

Novel Copper(II) Complexes with Dipinodiazafluorene Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Magnetic and Catalytic Properties

The reactions of CuX2 (X = Cl, Br) with dipinodiazafluorenes yielded four new complexes [CuX2L1]2 (X = Cl (1), Br (2), L1 = (1R,3R,8R,10R)-2,2,9,9-Tetramethyl-3,4,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-1H-1,3:8,10-dimethanocyclopenta [1,2-b:5,4-b&rsquo;]diquinolin-12(2H)-one) and [(CuX2)2L2]n (X = Cl (3), Br (4), L2 = (1R,3R,8R,10R,1&rsquo;R,3&rsquo;R,8&rsquo;R,10&rsquo;R)-2,2,2&rsquo;,2&rsquo;,9,9,9&rsquo;,9&rsquo;-Octamethyl-1,1&rsquo;,2,2&rsquo;,3,3&rsquo;,4,4&rsquo;,7,7&rsquo;,8,8&rsquo;,9,9&rsquo;,10,10&rsquo;-hexadecahydro-1,3:1&rsquo;,3&rsquo;:8,10:8&rsquo;,10&rsquo;-tetramethano-12,12&rsquo;-bi(cyclopenta [1,2-b:5,4-b&rsquo;]diquinolinylidene). The complexes were characterized by IR and EPR spectroscopy, HR-ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The crystal structures of compounds 1, 2 and 4 were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Complexes 1&ndash;2 have a monomeric structure, while complex 4 has a polymeric structure due to additional coordinating N,N sites in L2. All complexes contain a binuclear fragment {Cu2(&mu;-X)2&times;2} (X = Cl, Br) in their structures. Each copper atom has a distorted square-pyramidal coordination environment formed by two nitrogen atoms and three halogen atoms. The Cu-Nax distance is elongated compared to Cu-Neq. The EPR spectra of compounds 1&ndash;4 in CH3CN confirm their paramagnetic nature due to the d9 electronic configuration of the copper(II) ion. The magnetic properties of all compounds were studied by the method of static magnetic susceptibility. For complexes 1 and 2, the effective magnetic moments are &micro;eff &asymp; 1.87 and 1.83 &micro;B (per each Cu2+ ion), respectively, in the temperature range 50&ndash;300 K, which are close to the theoretical spin value (1.73 &micro;B). Ferromagnetic exchange interactions between Cu(II) ions inside {Cu2(&mu;-X)2X2} (X = Cl, Br) dimers (J/kB &asymp; 25 and 31 K for 1 and 2, respectively) or between dimers (&theta;&prime; &asymp; 0.30 and 0.47 K for 1 and 2, respectively) were found at low temperatures. For compounds 3 and 4, the magnetic susceptibility is well described by the Curie&ndash;Weiss law in the temperature range 1.77&ndash;300 K with &micro;eff &asymp; 1.72 and 1.70 &micro;B for 3 and 4, respectively, and weak antiferromagnetic interactions (&theta; &asymp; &minus;0.4 K for 3 and &minus;0.65 K for 4). Complexes 1&ndash;4 exhibit high catalytic activity in the oxidation of alkanes and alcohols with peroxides. The maximum yield of cyclohexane oxidation products reached 50% (complex 3). Based on the data on the study of regio- and bond-selectivity, it was concluded that hydroxyl radicals play a decisive role in the oxidation reaction. The initial products in reactions with alkanes are alkyl hydroperoxides

Permafrost-Landscape Map of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on a Scale 1:1,500,000

The history of permafrost landscape map compilation is related to the study of ecological problems with permafrost. Permafrost-landscape studies are now widely used in geocryological mapping. Permafrost-landscape classifications and mapping are necessary for studying the trends in development of the natural environment in northern and high-altitude permafrost regions. The cryogenic factor in the permafrost zone plays a leading role in the differentiation of landscapes, so it must be considered during classification construction. In this study, a map&#8217;s special content was developed using publications about Yakutian nature, archive sources from academic institutes, the interpretation of satellite images, and special field studies. Overlays of 20 types of terrain, identified by geological and geomorphological features, and 36 types of plant groupings, allowed the systematization of permafrost temperature and active layer thickness in 145 landscape units with relatively homogeneous permafrost-landscape conditions in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. This map serves as a basis for applied thematic maps related to the assessment and forecast of permafrost changes during climate warming and anthropogenic impacts