Physicalsystemmodellinglanguages : From Allan To Modelica

engineering design studies. For Gaz de France, these studies must satisfy exacting criteria of quality and rapidity. Studies are even more effective if models developed on previous occasions can be stored and reused and if the company is able to share models with its partners. The development of model exchanges is therefore a key factor determining the future scope of modelling/simulation activities

Energy Supplier Obligations and White Certificate Schemes - Comparative Analysis of Experiences in the European Union

A number of Member States of the European Union (EU) have introduced market-based policy portfolios based on quantified energy savings obligations on energy distributors or suppliers, possibly coupled with certification of project-based energy savings (via white certificates), and the option to trade the certificates or obligations. The paper provides an up-to-date review and analysis of results to date of white certificate schemes in the EU. In the EU supplier obligations and white certificate schemes have delivered larger savings than originally expected with obliged companies exceeding targets and, in some cases, at cost below what policy makers have anticipated. Supplier obligations foster the uptake of standardised energy efficiency actions often targeting smaller energy users (residential sector), lowering the transaction costs and contributing to market transformation. The role of certificate trading is more ambiguous. Trading can bring benefits where the target is set sufficiently high with respect to the energy saving potential in the sectors covered. Theoretically trading may be better suited for broader systems with comprehensive coverage, but even in smaller schemes trading may reduce the transaction costs of compliance for obliged actors without sufficient expertise on end-use energy efficiency. Yet, trading increases the administrative cost ratio of energy saving obligations.JRC.DG.F.8-Renewable Energy (Ispra

Energy supplier obligations and white certificate schemes: Comparative analysis of experiences in the European Union

A number of Member States of the European Union (EU) have introduced market-based policy portfolios based on quantified energy savings obligations on energy distributors or suppliers, possibly coupled with certification of project-based energy savings (via white certificates), and the option to trade the certificates or obligations. The paper provides an up-to-date review and analysis of results to date of white certificate schemes in the EU. In the EU supplier obligations and white certificate schemes have delivered larger savings than originally expected with obliged companies exceeding targets and, in some cases, at cost below what policy makers have anticipated. Supplier obligations foster the uptake of standardised energy efficiency actions often targeting smaller energy users (residential sector), lowering the transaction costs and contributing to market transformation. The role of certificate trading is more ambiguous. Trading can bring benefits where the target is set sufficiently high with respect to the energy-saving potential in the sectors covered. Theoretically trading may be better suited for broader systems with comprehensive coverage, but even in smaller schemes trading may reduce the transaction costs of compliance for obliged actors without sufficient expertise on end-use energy efficiency. Yet, trading increases the administrative cost ratio of energy-saving obligations.Energy-saving obligations White certificates

The orexin type 1 receptor is overexpressed in advanced prostate cancer with a neuroendocrine differentiation, and mediates apoptosis

International audienceIn the present study, we have examined the presence of orexins and their receptors in prostate cancer (CaP) and investigated their effects on the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and its receptors in amphibians

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a novel peptide of the secretin/glucagon/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide superfamily, has been initially characterized in mammals in 1989 and, only 2 years later, its counterpart has been isolated in amphibians. A number of studies conducted in the frog Rana ridibunda have demonstrated that PACAP is widely distributed in the central nervous system (particularly in the hypothalamus and the median eminence) and in peripheral organs including the adrenal gland. The cDNAs encoding the PACAP precursor and 3 types of PACAP receptors have been cloned in amphibians and their distribution has been determined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Ontogenetic studies have revealed that PACAP is expresssed early in the brain of tadpoles, soon after hatching. In the frog Rana ridibunda, PACAP exerts a large array of biological effects in the brain, pituitary, adrenal gland, and ovary, suggesting that, in amphibians as in mammals, PACAP may act as neurotrophic factor, a neurotransmitter and a neurohormone. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Le 26RFA exerce une activité de type incrétine

International audienceRésuméObjectifLe neuropeptide 26RFa exerce une activité orexigène via l’activation de son récepteur le GPR103 présent sur les neurones hypothalamiques à NPY. Nous avons déjà rapporté une augmentation des concentrations plasmatiques du peptide chez les patients obèses et diabétiques. L’objectif du travail est de déterminer l’origine du 26RFa plasmatique et son implication dans la régulation glycémique.Matériel et méthodesLe 26RFA exerce une activité de type incrétine Un immunomarquage sur différents segments du tractus digestif humain et murin a été réalisé avec un anticorps dirigé contre le 26RFa et le GPR103. Les concentrations plasmatiques du 26RFa ont été déterminées (dosage RIA) chez la souris après charge orale ou IV de glucose. La sécrétion intestinale du 26RFA lors d’une exposition au glucose a été évaluée in vitro à partir de segments de tractus digestifs murins montés en chambre de Ussing. Enfin, l’effet du 26RFA sur la sécrétion d’insuline a été évalué chez la souris et sur une lignée de cellules MIN6.RésultatsL’ensemble du tractus digestif humain et murin exprime le 26RFA et son récepteur. Chez la souris, les concentrations plasmatiques de 26RFA, stables lors de la charge IV de glucose, sont significativement augmentées 30minutes après la charge orale. Parallèlement in vitro, le glucose induit une libération significative de 26RFa par l’intestin proximal. Enfin, le 26RFA augmente la sécrétion d’insuline chez la souris et sur les cellules MIN6.ConclusionL’ensemble de ces données suggère pour la première fois que le 26RFA est impliqué dans la régulation glycémique via une activité de type incrétine