Depressão antenatal prediz fortemente depressão pós-parto na atenção básica à saúde

Objective: To estimate the association between antenatal and postnatal depression and to examine the role of socioeconomic conditions in the risk of postnatal depression. Methods: A prospective cohort study, conducted between May 2005 and January 2006, with 831 pregnant women recruited from primary care clinics in the public sector in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The presence of antenatal and postnatal depression was measured with the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics and obstetric information were obtained through a questionnaire. Crude and adjusted risk ratios (RR), with 95% CI, were calculated using a Poisson regression. Results: The prevalence of postnatal depressive symptoms was 31.2% (95% CI: 27.8-34.8%). Among the 219 mothers who had depressive symptoms, nearly 50% had already shown depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Women who had antenatal depression were 2.4 times more likely to present with postnatal depression than were women who did not have such symptoms during pregnancy. In the multivariate analysis, higher scores for assets (RR: 0.76, 95% CI 0.61-0.96), higher education (RR: 0.75 95% CI 0.59-0.96), daily contact with neighbors (RR: 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.90) and antenatal depression (RR: 2.44, 95% CI 1.93-3.08) remained independently associated with postnatal depression. Conclusions: Antenatal and postnatal depression are highly prevalent in the primary care setting.OBJETIVO: Estimar a associação entre depressão pré-natal e pós-natal, e examinar o papel das condições sócioeconômicas sobre o risco de depressão pós-parto. \ud MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, realizado entre maio de 2005 e janeiro de 2006, com 831 gestantes recrutadas de clínicas de cuidados básicos, do setor público, na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Presença de depressão pré-natal e pós-natal foi medida com o Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Características sócio-demográficas e socioeconômicas, e informações obstétricas foram obtidas através de um questionário. Riscos relativos (RR), bruto e ajustado, com IC de 95%, foram calculados usando Regressão de Poisson. \ud RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sintomas depressivos pós-natal foi de 31,2% (IC95% 27,8-34,8%). Entre as 219 mães que tinham sintomas depressivos, quase 50% já haviam mostrado sintomas depressivos durante a gravidez. Mulheres que tiveram depressão pré-natal tiveram risco 2,4 vezes maior de apresentar depressão pós-parto do que as mulheres que não tiveram tais sintomas durante a gravidez. Na análise multivariada, maior escore de bens (RR: 0,76; IC95% 0,1-0,96), maior escolaridade (RR: 0,75; IC95% 0,59-0,96), contacto diário com vizinhos (RR: 0.68; IC95% 0,51-0,90) e depressão pré-natal (RR:2,44; IC95% 1,93-3,08) permaneceram independentemente associadas com depressão pós-parto. \ud CONCLUSÕES: Depressão pré-natal e pós-natal são altamente prevalentes na atenção primária, e profissionais de saúde devem ser treinados para realizar intervenções simples e eficazes, o mais precocemente possível

Fatores associados à preferência por cesareana

OBJECTIVE: To study factors related to preference for cesarean delivery, among pregnant women without medical complications. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 156 pregnant women, in a private clinic in the city of Osasco, State of São Paulo, from October 2000 to December 2001. The pregnant women were at 28 weeks of pregnancy or more, with no formal contraindication for vaginal delivery at the time of the interview. Sociodemographic data and past and present obstetric history were assessed by applying a questionnaire. The pregnant women were specifically asked what their current preference for delivery was. Pearson's Chi-square test and logistic regression for multivariate analysis were performed with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Sixty-seven pregnant women (42.9%) said they had little motivation to undergo vaginal delivery. In the multivariate analysis, the following variables were statistically significant: previous vaginal birth (p=0.001; ORadj=0.04; 95% CI=0.01-0.12); husband's monthly income greater than 750 reais (p=0.006, ORadj=3.44; 95% CI=1.38-8.33). The women with a previous vaginal delivery presented 25-fold lower chance of choosing cesarean delivery. The opinion that the previous delivery experience was unsatisfactory was marginally associated with the main outcome (p=0.06; ORadj=0.42; 95% CI=0.16-1.05). CONCLUSIONS: Motivation for cesarean delivery is associated with influences such as the type and degree of satisfaction with previous delivery and income.OBJETIVO: Estudar os fatores relacionados à preferência por cesariana, em gestantes sem intercorrências. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 156 gestantes, de clínica privada na cidade de Osasco, Estado de São Paulo, no período de outubro de 2000 a dezembro de 2001. As gestantes estavam em idade gestacional de 28 semanas ou mais, sem contra-indicação formal para parto vaginal, no momento da entrevista. Foi aplicado questionário sobre informações sociodemográficas, história obstétrica passada e atual. Perguntou-se à gestante questão específica sobre preferência para o parto. Realizou-se teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística para análise multivariada, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e sete (42,9%) gestantes se diziam pouco motivadas para parto vaginal. Na análise multivariada foram estatisticamente significativas as seguintes variáveis: parto vaginal prévio (

The relationship between indicators of socioeconomic status and cesarean section in public hospitals

OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between indicators of socioeconomic status and cesarean section in public hospitals that adopt standardized protocols of obstetrical care. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study conducted between May 2005 and January 2006 with 831 pregnant women recruited from 10 public primary care clinics in São Paulo, Brazil. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected during pregnancy. The three main exposures were schooling, monthly family income per capita, and residential crowding. The main outcome was cesarean section at three public hospitals located in the area. Crude and adjusted risk ratios (RR), with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Poisson regression with robust variance. We examined the effects of each exposure variable on cesarean section accounting for potential confounders by using four different models: crude, adjusted by mother’s characteristics, by obstetrical complications, and by the other two indicators of socioeconomic status. RESULTS Among the 757 deliveries performed in the public hospitals, 215 (28.4%) were by cesarean section. In the bivariate analysis, cesarean section was associated with higher family income per capita, higher education, lower residential crowding, pregnancy planning, white skin color, having a partner, and advanced maternal age. In the multivariate analysis, after adjustment for covariates, none of the socioeconomic status variables remained associated with cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS In this group, the chance of women undergoing cesarean section was not associated with indicators of socioeconomic status only, but was defined in accordance with major obstetric and clinical conditions

Reabilitação energética de um edifício de serviços

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de EdificaçõesNos dias que correm, a temática da energia é um tema em destaque. O seu consumo aumenta todos os anos, a um ritmo elevado, principalmente nas economias emergentes, sendo os seus custos inerentes bastante significativos, tanto a nível monetário como também ambiental. Para além da procura de novas fontes de produção de energia e da aposta em energias renováveis, que permitam uma energia mais limpa e barata, existe uma maior aposta na eficiência energética. Sabendo que na União Europeia os edifícios são os responsáveis pelo consumo final de 40% da energia, a melhoria da eficiência energética nos mesmos, permite obter grandes poupanças nos gastos finais com energia, para além de tornar o meio ambiente mais sustentável. Nesta dissertação o foco vai para os edifícios de serviços, abordando-se um caso de estudo de um edifício deste tipo, localizado em Castelo Branco. É feita uma simulação energética do edifício em estudo, com recurso a software específico, de modelação e simulação (Google SketchUp e EnergyPlus respetivamente) e aplicadas alterações de modo a melhorar o desempenho energético do mesmo. O objetivo final é o de melhorar a classe energética do edifício, passando de B–para A.Abstract: Nowadays, the issue of energy is a topic always highlighted. Its consumption is increasing every year, at a high rate, mainly in emerging economies, at a quite significant, monetary as well as environmental costs. Apart from looking for new sources of energy production and investment in renewable energies, allowing a cleaner and cheaper energy, there is a greater focus on energy efficiency, apart from research of new forms of energy generation and significant investment in renewable energies, which will allow a cleaner and cheaper energy production. Buildings in European Union are responsible for 40% of final consumption of energy, therefore improving energy efficiency, will represent great savings in final energy costs, in addition to a more sustainable environment. In this dissertation service buildings are the focus, with the presentation of a case study regarding a service building, located in Castelo Branco. Energy simulation of the building was developed, using specific, modeling and simulation software (Google SketchUp and EnergyPlus respectively) and several changes in the characteristics of the building were simulated in order to obtain responses to energy performance of the building. The ultimate goal is to improve the energy class of the building, from B–to A

Maternity “blues”: prevalence and risk factors

Objectives: estimate the prevalence and track the risk factors associated with, Maternity blues (MB). Methods: a transversal study was performed with 113 women, on the tenth day of puerperium. The following instruments were used: Pitt Scale (1968), Stein (1980), Inventory for stressful life events by Holmes & Rahe (1967), and a questionnaire with sociodemographic and obstetric data. Results: the prevalence of MB was 32.7% according to the Stein scale. In the univariated analysis, civil status and tobacco use were associated with MB. Legally married women and nonsmokers showed a risk approximately 4 times lower of experiencing the problem. Conclusions: MB was very prevalent in this sample. Obstetricians must be aware of this condition which may be associated with postpartum depression.Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia y rastrear los factores de riesgo asociados con la tristeza postparto (TP). Método: se realizó un estudio transversal con 113 mujeres, en el décimo día del puerperio. Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: Pitt Scale (1968), Stein (1980), Inventory for Stressful Life Events de Holmes & Rahe (1967) y un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y obstétricos. Resultados: la prevalencia de la TP fue de un 32.7% de acuerdo con la escala Stein. En el análisis univariado, el estado civil y el consumo de tabaco se asociaron a la TP. Las mujeres casadas y las no fumadoras mostraron un riesgo aproximadamente 4 veces más bajo de sufrir el problema. Conclusiones: se encontró una alta prevalencia de la TP en la muestra. Los obstetras deberían estar alerta ante este estado, que puede asociarse con la depresión postparto

Maternal depression and offspring mental health at age 5: MINA-Brazil cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To identify longitudinal patterns of maternal depression between three months and five years after child’s birth, to examine predictor variables for these trajectories, and to evaluate whether distinct depression trajectories predict offspring mental health problems at age 5 years. METHODS: We used data from the Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Acre (MINA-Brazil) study, a population-based birth cohort in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 3 and 6–8 months, and 1 and 2 years after delivery. Mental health problems in 5-year-old children were evaluated with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) reported by parents. Trajectories of maternal depression were calculated using a group-based modelling approach. RESULTS: We identified four trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms: “low” (67.1%), “increasing” (11.5%), “decreasing” (17.4%), and “high-chronic” (4.0%). Women in the “high/ chronic” trajectory were the poorest, least educated, and oldest compared with women in the other trajectory groups. Also, they were more frequently multiparous and reported smoking and having attended fewer prenatal consultations during pregnancy. In the adjusted analyses, the odds ratio of any SDQ disorder was 3.23 (95%CI: 2.00–5.22) and 2.87 (95%CI: 1.09–7.57) times higher among children of mothers belonging to the “increasing” and “high-chronic” trajectory groups, respectively, compared with those of mothers in the “low” depressive symptoms group. These differences were not explained by maternal and child characteristics included in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We identified poorer mental health outcomes for children of mothers assigned to the “chronic/severe” and “increasing” depressive symptoms trajectories. Prevention and treatment initiatives to avoid the adverse short, medium, and long-term effects of maternal depression on offspring development should focus on women belonging to these groups

The relationship between socioeconomic indicators during pregnancy and gynecological appointment at any time after childbirth

Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud The rates of receipt of postnatal care vary widely between high and low-middle income countries. This study aimed to examine the association between indicators of socioeconomic status during pregnancy and gynecological appointment at any time after childbirth (GA).\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud a prospective cohort study with pregnant women recruited from 10 primary care clinics of the public sector in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Socioeconomic characteristics and obstetric information were obtained through a questionnaire administered during pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Adjusted risk ratios (RR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Poisson regression.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Eight hundred and thirty one pregnant women were included in the study during the antenatal period and 701 were re-assessed during the postnatal period. Among them, 283 (59.6) attended a gynecological consultation. After adjusting for covariates, higher socioeconomic status during pregnancy was associated with greater risk of having a GA (RR:1.23, CI 95 %:1.05:1.45 for family per capita monthly income; RR:1.19, CI 95 % 1.01:1.40 for asset score).\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud In this sample, the attendance for GA was above average and women with higher socio-economic status were more likely to have receipt of such care. Special efforts should be made to improve the attendance and frequency of gynecological consultations after childbirth among poorer women.FAPESPCNP