Análise da variabilidade de proveniências de pinheiro bravo na Mata Nacional do Escaroupim

Congresso Florestal Nacional: a floresta e as gentes - Actas das ComunicaçõesA importância silvícola e económica do pinheiro bravo, que representa 30% da área ocupada por espécies florestais no nosso País (DGF- 3º IFN 2001), conduziu a várias acções com vista ao melhoramento para esta espécie, no âmbito das quais foi instalado em 1992 um ensaio de proveniências em 6 locais de características ecológicas distintas. A importância da caracterização de populações de pinheiro bravo foi sublinhada pela implementação de legislação (Decreto-Lei nº 205/2003) que regulamenta a comercialização de material florestal de reprodução desta espécie. O estudo que se apresenta decorreu num dos locais do ensaio de proveniências, a Mata Nacional do Escaroupim, tendo como objectivos a avaliação, aos 8 anos, da variabilidade genética do pinheiro bravo no que se refere a características de crescimento, de adaptação e de forma, e o desenvolvimento de um índice de selecção primário. Foi também efectuada uma comparação de resultados utilizando diferentes intensidades de amostragens tendo em vista a preparação das avaliações dos restantes campos experimentais. Com o objectivo de comparar o comportamento das proveniências relativamente às características abordadas neste estudo, foram avaliadas as diferenças existentes entre todas as proveniências em ensaio, as proveniências nacionais em ensaio, populações geograficamente próximas mas de diferentes altitudes e exposições, pomares de semente e restantes populações, populações de diferentes regiões de proveniência esboçadas no nosso País segundo critérios edafo-climáticos, e populações nacionais de diferentes classes de altitude. Foi avaliada apenas a variabilidade fenotípica intra-proveniências, porque o ensaio não inclui descendências que permitam avaliar a variabilidade genética dentro de cada proveniência. Foram também estudadas as relações entre as características e as variáveis geográficas e climáticas, e estimados parâmetros genéticos que permitiram a elaboração de um índice primário de selecção para as várias características em simultâneo

Use of kaolin as a summer stress alleviating product in olive orchards under rainfed conditions

In a changing world, where is expected the temperatures rising and the reduction in precipitation in some semi-arid areas of the globe, the search for new agronomic practices that help crops to maintain and/or increase yields and quality is a continuous challenge. Kaolin (KL) exogenous application has been considered a short-term solution to alleviate the adverse effects of summer stress. The formed particle film increases the reflection of excess radiation reducing the risk of leaf damage from heat load accumulation and solar injury. Olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cultivated under rainfed conditions were sprayed with KL (5%) during two consecutive years in the beginning of the summer season. In general, relatively to the control group, KL-sprayed plants showed an enhancement in leaf water status, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity and a reduction in leaf sclerophylly. In the severest period analyzed, at the end of the second-year summer, KL has lost the effectiveness of keeping gas exchange above the control measurements. However, in both years, allowed a faster restauration of the physiological functions in early autumn and contributed to higher crop yield. Overall, the results of the present investigation revealed that KL were effective in preventing the adverse effects of summer stress on crop performance and yield.Doctoral fellowship under the Doctoral Program “Agricultural Production Chains – from fork to farm” (PD/00122/2012) provided by the FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology to C. Brito (PD/BD/52543/2014). Institution CITAB, for its financial support through the European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI– Operational Competitiveness and Internationalization Program, under Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 and National Funds by FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Moderate nitrogen rates applied to a rainfed olive grove seem to provide an interesting balance between variables associated with olive and oil quality

Nitrogen (N) fertilization has been extensively studied all over the world, not only due to its impact on plant growth and yield, but also on product quality. Olive oil is a natural product highly valued by the markets, due to its role in the Mediterranean diet, but only when its quality is above legally established standards. Thus, it is important to continue to study how cropping practices can impact the quality of olive oil in order to fine-tune the guidelines issued to producers. The objective of the three-year study was to assess the effect of the application of 0, (N0), 40 (N40) and 120 (N120) kg ha-1 of N in a rainfed olive grove on variables associated with fruit biometry and the maturation index, polyphenols in olives and olive oil, the evolution of the quality of the oil over time and sensory analysis. The application of N prolonged the period of coloration, delaying the maturation of the fruits, particularly in the higher doses of N applied. N application changed the phenolic composition and the antioxidant capacity of the fruits and olive oil, but without a clear trend among years. In general, the high N rate negatively affected the quality of the oils, reducing the oxidative stability and bitterness of the oil when compared to N40 treatment; this is due to the lower content of phenolic compounds that have a radical scavenging capacity. Excessive N application (N120) increased the degradation of the oil quality, as it led to an increase in the K232 extinction coefficient. Moderate N rates (N40) seem to be a good compromise to guarantee the quality and stability of the oil, although there was some interference from other uncontrolled environmental variables; these were probably accentuated because the olives came from a rainfed olive grove. The sensory analysis panel detected a defect (winey-vinegary flavour) in the oil from N40 treatment that is difficult to justify and will need more attention in future studies.Ermelinda Silva acknowledges the financial support provided by national funds through FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PD/BD/128274/2017), under the Doctoral Programme “Agricultural Production Chains—from fork to farm” (PD/00122/2012) and from the European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Programme Norte 2020. This research was funded by the Operational Group “Novas práticas em olivais de sequeiro: estratégias de mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas”, funded by PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development). The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and CITAB (UIDB/04033/2020) and also to AgriFood XXI Project, No. NORTE-01-0145-FEDER- 000041, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Regional Operational Program 2014–2020). Ermelinda Silva also acknowledges the present financial support throughout project NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000103 funded by the Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) and FCT research unit Centre BIO R&D Unit (UIDB/05083/2020).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Physiological and biochemical responses of olive tree to potassium supply under rainfed conditions

Olive tree has a relevant economic, social, cultural and environmental importance in the Mediterranean region. Although the crop is modest in mineral nutrition requirements, the physiological and biochemical processes respond positively with a balanced mineral nutrltion reglme. The study, conducted in Bragança (Northeast Portugal), beganin2013 in a 3-year-old olive grave, witht wo treatments(applicationof133gKtree-1yr1 and without K). After a period of 3 years in which there were no significant physiological and biochemical effects, the results during2017 and winter 2018 show ed that supply ameliorate olive tree physiological performance, as indicated by higher net photosynthetic rate, dueto lower stomatal and non-stomatal limitations, the last more evident in winter measurements in a elose association with higher intrinsic water use efficiency, and superior relative water content, as well as higher concentrations of leaf total soluble proteins and soluble sugars, both in leave sand branches.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Kaolin foliar spray improves olive tree performance and yield under sustained deficit irrigation

Regarding the foreseeing climate change is reasonable to expect harmful consequences to olive tree (Olea europaea L.), an iconic species of Mediterranean basin. In large areas of the Region, the sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) accounts with a reduced amount of water that might not be enough to keep the plant functioning at desirable levels. In this study the use of a reflective clay, kaolin, was evaluated in order to alleviate the negative summer stress effects on olive trees (cv. Cobrançosa) under an SDI system. Kaolin reduced the stomatal and the non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis at high light intensity, improved plant water status, and decreased the oxidative damages. The amelioration of physiological and metabolic functions and the lower allocation of resources to summer stress tolerance mechanisms, allowed the KL-sprayed trees to increase crop yield, the oil yield and its oxidative stability, with the reduction of peroxide index and K232. Thus, the application of kaolin had a positive synergistic effect with SDI, especially important for semi-arid areas where water available for irrigation do not cover all the necessities.This work was financed by project Interact: Integrative Research in Environment, Agro-Chain, and Technology, operation NORTE-01-0145- FEDER-000017, research line ISAC, co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through NORTE 2020 (Programa Operacional Regional do Norte 2014/2020), and supported by the project “Novas pr´aticas em olivais de sequeiro: estrat´egias de mitigaç˜ao e adaptaç˜ao `as alteraç˜oes clim´aticas”, PDR2020-101-032119, financed by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and the Portuguese State under Aç˜ao 1.1 “Grupos Operacionais”, integrada na Medida 1. “Inovaç˜ao” do PDR 2020: Programa de Desenvolvimento Rural do Continente. Institution. This work is supported by National Funds by FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UIDB/04033/2020. The authors are also grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support by national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Grey and black anti-hail nets ameliorated apple (Malus × domestica borkh. cv. golden delicious) physiology under mediterranean climate

The use of anti-hail nets on orchards changes the microclimate underneath the net. This might be of great importance in apple growing regions characterized by high radiation levels and hot and dry climates during the summer season. But, depending on the net colour and on the local climatic conditions, the shade promoted triggers different responses by the trees. Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. ‘Golden Delicious’) located in Northeast Portugal. Under the nets a lower concentration of glomalin related-soil proteins was observed, along with an improvement on trees water status, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophylls, N, Mg, Fe and Cu concentrations, as well as an increase in mean fruit weight. The major difference between nets was on the photosynthetic efficiency, being higher on black net in sunny days, while grey net performed better under cloudy conditions. The use of netting systems proved to be effective in improving “Golden Delicious” apple trees performance under a Mediterranean climate, mainly when the radiation reaching the plants surpass the tree saturation point for photosynthesis. Therefore, these findings anticipate solutions for current and forecasted negative effects of climate change.This research was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and CITAB (UIDB/04033/2020), as well by the project “Introdução de telas anti-granizo em macieira: Avaliação de efeitos colaterais e impacte económico” PA 54824, funded by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development and the Portuguese state under the measure 4.1- Cooperation for the Innovation-Rural Development Program (PRODER).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Biochar combinado com resíduos orgânicos tem um reduzido efeito nas propriedades químicas do solo e no crescimento das plantas

Biochar has received great attention as a soil conditioner since it can potentially sequester carbon (C) in soil, enhance soil physical, chemical and biological properties and improve crop productivity. This study reports the results of a pot experiment with olive (Olea europaea L.), carried out in an acidic and clay loam textured soil, and cultivated during two growing seasons under eight fertilization treatments. They included mineral fertilization equivalent to a rate of 100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (NPK), biochar applied at a rate of 10 (B10), and at 20 (B20) t biochar ha-1, biochar-NPK mixture (B10+NPK), biochar-waste mixtures with mushroom waste compost (B10+MWC), olive mill waste (B10 + OMW), and municipal solid waste (B10+MSW), the organic materials applied at a rate of 20 t ha-1, together with a treatment without fertilization (control). Biochar in the B20 treatment increased the soil C content in comparison to the control. Biochar in the B10+NPK treatment reduced soil nitrate levels compared to NPK treatment. No other benefits to soil properties, nutrient uptake or plant growth were observed with the use of biochar or any positive synergistic effect with the mixture of biochar with the other organic amendments. MSW, OMW and MWC tended to increase soil pH in comparison to the control. Most of the studies with biochar were carried out in soils with edaphic limitations or harsh environmental conditions limiting plant growth, which may have facilitated the detection of favorable effects. Under less limited soils or stressful conditions for plants, such as the ones established in this experiment, the benefits of using biochar were poor.El biochar ha recibido gran atención como acondicionador de suelo ya que puede potencialmente secuestrar carbono (C) en el suelo, mejorar sus propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas y promover la productividad de los cultivos. Este trabajo muestra los resultados de una experiencia en macetas con olivo (Olea europaea L.), realizada en un suelo ácido y con textura franco arcillosa, cultivado durante dos estaciones de crecimiento. Se utilizaron ocho tratamientos, incluyendo fertilización mineral equivalente a 100 kg ha-1 de N, P2O5 y K2O (NPK), biochar aplicado a las dosis de 10 (B10) y 20 (B20) t ha-1, mezclas de biochar con fertilización mineral (B10+NPK) y con residuos de hongos (B10+MWC), residuos de aceite de oliva de almazaras (B10+OMW) y residuos sólidos urbanos (B10+RSU), aplicados a una tasa de 20 t ha-1, y un tratamiento sin fertilización (control). El biochar en el tratamiento B20 aumentó el contenido de C en el suelo en comparación con el control. El biochar en el tratamiento B10+NPK redujo los niveles de nitrato del suelo en comparación con el tratamiento NPK. No se registró ningún otro beneficio sobre las propiedades del suelo, la absorción de nutrientes o el crecimiento de las plantas por el uso de biochar o cualquier efecto sinérgico positivo con la mezcla de biochar con los otros correctivos orgánicos. MSW, OMW y MWC tendieron a aumentar el pH del suelo en comparación con el control. Muchos de los estudios anteriores con biochar se hicieron en suelos con limitaciones edáficas o condiciones ambientales adversas, lo que puede haber facilitado la aparición de efectos favorables. En condiciones menos estresantes para las plantas, como las establecidas en esta experiencia, los beneficios del uso del biochar parecen ser menos evidentes.O biochar tem recebido grande atenção como condicionador de solo, pois pode potencialmente sequestrar carbono (C) no solo, melhorar as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo e promover a produtividade das culturas. Este trabalho relata os resultados de uma experiência em vasos com oliveira (Olea europaea L.), realizado em um solo ácido e de textura franco-argilosa, cultivada durante duas estações de crescimento. Oito tratamentos foram impostos, incluindo adubação mineral equivalente a 100 kg ha-1 de N, P2O5 e K2O (NPK), biochar aplicado nas doses de 10 (B10) e 20 (B20) t ha-1, misturas de biochar com adubação mineral (B10+NPK) e com composto de resíduos de cogumelos (B10+MWC), resíduos de lagar de azeite (B10+OMW) e resíduos sólidos urbanos (B10+RSU), aplicados a uma taxa de 20 t ha-1, e um tratamento sem fertilização (testemunha). O biochar no tratamento B20 aumentou o teor de C no solo em comparação à testemunha. O biochar no tratamento B10+NPK reduziu os níveis de nitrato do solo em comparação com o tratamento NPK. Nenhum outro benefício sobre as propriedades do solo, a absorção de nutrientes ou o crescimento das plantas foi registado pelo uso de biochar ou qualquer efeito sinérgico positivo com a mistura de biochar com os outros corretivos orgânicos. MSW, OMW e MWC tenderam a aumentar o pH do solo em comparação à testemunha. Muitos dos estudos anteriores com biochar foram feitos em solos com limitações edáficas ou condições ambientais adversas, o que pode ter facilitado o surgimento de efeitos favoráveis. Em condições menos stressantes para as plantas, como as estabelecidas nesta experiência, os benefícios do uso do biochar parecem ser menos evidentes.This work was funded by the INTERACT project – “Integrative Research in Environment, Agro-Chains and Technology”, no. NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000017, in its line of research entitled ISAC, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Regional Operational Program 2014/2020). The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UID/AGR/00690/2013) and CITAB (UID/ AGR/04033/2019). The study was integrated under the activities of the Operational Group “Novas práticas em olivais de sequeiro: estratégias de mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas”, funded by PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Use of kaolin as a reflective clay improves olive tree physiological and yield responses under different environmental conditions

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) growing area is threatened by the current and predicted adverse environmental conditions, affecting negatively plant performance and yield. Thus, agronomic strategies to offset those negative effects and improve olive orchards sustainability need to be implemented. In this regard, we propose the use of kaolin particle film, a natural heat and irradiance reflecting clay. To achieve a more comprehensive response about kaolin (5%) action, during two consecutive years we performed two different experiments, in different geographical locations of Portugal north-west with “Cobrançosa” cultivar: established olive trees under conventional rainfed conditions and under deficit irrigation (27.5% of ETc). Generally, during the summer period, kaolin was effective in improving water status and photosynthetic response, by reducing both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations. Moreover, improved leaf gas exchange restauration after the first rains persists during the winter months in rainfed conditions. Kaolin also reduces leaf sclerophylly, inducing shade-related leaf characteristics. As a result of better physiological performance achieved with kaolin application, yield increased 97% and 54.6% in rainfed and deficit irrigation conditions, respectively. Overall, the results of the present investigation revealed a cost-effective strategy to attenuate the negative effects of summer stress in olive trees, while allows to save water. Ultimately, this practice might contribute to increase the sustainability and competitiveness of this sector and anticipate solutions to the negative effects of climate change.This work was funded by the INTERACT project – “Integrative Research in Environment, Agro-Chains and Technology”, no. NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017, in its line of research entitled ISAC, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Regional Operational Program 2014/2020).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Fruit yield and quality of olives under different deficit irrigation strategies

The Mediterranean Basin is a climate change hot spot where substantial warming and lower water availability is predicted. This scenario poses considerable challenges to olive groves, a crop with great ecological and socioeconomic importance. ln order to overcome these constrains, new cropping practices focusing on water use efficiency must be investigated. ln this work we aimed to investigate water management practices that can ensure the adequate compromise between yield and the quality of olive products. The study was conducted in Quinta do Prado, Lodões, Vila Flor (41 °20'13.3"N, 7°05'54.2"W) and a full irrigation (FI) control, applied daily, equivalent to 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), was compared with three deficit irrigation strategies (DIS): regulated deficit irrigation (RDI; 80% of ETc in phases I and III of fruit growth and 10% of ETc in pit hardening stage, phase TI; 56 % of the ETc in all season), sustained deficit irrigation (SDI; 27.5% of ETc), and sustained deficit irrigation adopted by the farmer (SDIAF; 21.2% of ETc, applied weekly). The impact of treatments on fruit yield and quality during 2016 were evaluated. Using FI treatment as reference, no significant influence of RDI and SDI treatments were felt in crop yield, while the SDlAF treatment reduced it significantly (P<O.Ol ). Fruit quality analysis showed that the SDI treatment Ied to higher antioxidant activity than in FI and SDIAF treatments. However, the SDIAF strategy led to higher accumulation of both total phenols and flavonoids (P<O.Ol ). The fruit fat content was significantly higher in deficit irrigation treatments, when compared to the FI treatment. lrrigation treatments also induced changes in fruit fatty acids profile (P<O.OOl) since palmitoleic acid (C16:1) decreased in the deficit irrigation treatments, linoleic acid (Cl8:2) decreased in the SDIAF treatment, and linolenic acid (C18:3) decreased in RDI and SDI treatments. Except for SDIAF, despite the great disparity in the amount of water used among treatments, there were no significant differences in fruit production. Hence, with an increase of 30% in water consumption, changing from the SDlAF to the SDl treatment, this particular farmer can increase the orchard production, without losing fruit fat content and antioxidant capacity. This work gives new insights about the effect of DlS when used in olive orchards and might help to illustrate the sustainability of these management practices.To Anabela Fernandes-Silva for the calculation of ETc. This work was funded by the INTERACT project- "Integrati ve Research in Environment, Agm·Chaius and Technology", no. NORTE-01-0 145 -FEDER-000017, in its lines of research entitled TS AC, co-financied by the European Regional Devdopment Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Regional Operational Program 201412020). SM (PD/BD/135327/2017), EM (PD/BD/128274/2017), CB (PD/BD/52543/2014), LR (PD/BD/113612/2015) and lP (PD/BD/113611/2015) acknowledge the financial support provided by the FCT-Portut,'Uese Fow1dation for Scienco and Technology, underthe Doctoral Programm Agricultural Production Chains- from fork to farm" (PD/00122/2012)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Escleroterapia de hemangioma em borda lateral de língua: relato de caso

Os hemangiomas são lesões vasculares benignas que muitas vezes ocorrem na cavidade bucal podendo apresentar crescimento progressivo e sangramentos inesperados de difícil controle, quando expostos a traumas. Diversas formas de tratamento estão descritas na literatura, sendo mais comumente utilizada a cirurgia excisional e a escleroterapia. Objetivo: relatar um caso clínico de hemangioma em língua num paciente adulto portador desta lesão desde o nascimento. Metodologia: paciente do sexo feminino, 53 anos, portador de hemangioma situado na região lateral esquerda da língua, caracterizado pelo crescimento espontâneo e histórico de duas ressecções cirúrgicas com recidivas em um curto intervalo de tempo, foi submetido a procedimentos de escleroterapia através da aplicação intralesional do oleato de monoetanolamina a 5% diluído em glicose a 50% por três ciclos de seis aplicações do quimioterápico, com intervalo de quatro meses entre os ciclos. Resultados: finda as intervenções, o acompanhamento pós-escleroterapia do paciente durante cinco anos revelou êxito do tratamento realizado, uma vez que após este período inexistem sinais clínicos de recidiva. Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo expressam a eficácia da escleroterapia realizada com o uso do oleato de monoetanolamina associado à adoção de um método não invasivo.