Factive islands and meaning-driven unacceptability

It is often proposed that the unacceptability of a semantically interpretable sentence can be rooted in its meaning. Elaborating on Oshima (2008), we argue that the meaning-driven unacceptability of factive islands must make reference to felicity conditions, and cannot be reduced to the triviality of propositional content. We also observe, again elaborating on Oshima, that the triviality of factive islands need not be logical, but can be relative to a listener’s background assumptions. These findings call for a revision of a prevalent view about meaning-driven unacceptability, according to which unacceptability results from triviality that is both propositional and logical

Veränderungen in der sozialen und ethnischen Zusammensetzung der Schülerschaft aus demografischer Perspektive

In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, welche Veränderungen in der ethnischen und sozialen Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung im Schul- und Vorschulalter festzustellen sind und welche Konsequenzen sich hieraus für die Bildungsbeteiligung und damit für die Entwicklung des Bildungsstands in der Bevölkerung ergeben könnten. Auf Basis der Mikrozensuserhebung 2008 können hinsichtlich der Herkunftsregion der Eltern mehrere Migrantengruppen identifiziert werden, in denen die Kinder trotz des niedrigen Bildungstands der Eltern und vergleichsweise geringer sozioökonomischer Ressourcen in der Familie größere Chancen auf einen Bildungsaufstieg haben als Kinder aus Familien ohne Migrationshintergrund. In bildungsfernen Familien ohne Migrationshintergrund finden sich hingegen eine geringere Tendenz zu aufstiegsorientierten Bildungsentscheidungen und eine stärkere Bindung des Bildungsverhaltens an die ökonomische und soziale Lebenslage. Die Analysen liefern Hinweise darauf, dass der bildungsbezogene Hintergrund und die sozioökonomischen Ressourcen in den Familien insgesamt bedeutender sind für die Entwicklung des Bildungsniveaus in der Bevölkerung als Merkmale der Zuwanderung und der ethnischen Herkunft. (DIPF/Orig.)In this paper, we examine current changes in the ethnic and social composition of the preschool and school aged population as well as the consequences these changes may have for educational participation and thus for overall educational attainment in the near future. Based on the micro-census 2008 survey, we identify groups of migrants by region of parents\u27 origin where children - despite low levels of parents\u27 education and comparatively few socioeconomic resources - have greater chances of upward educational mobility than non-migrant children. By contrast, children from less educated, nonmigrant families show a much lower tendency to be upwardly mobile, and educational choices are more closely tied to the economic and social background. Thus, our analysis provides evidence that educational background and socio-economic resources in the students\u27 families are of greater importance for the overall development of educational attainment in Germany than characteristics of migration and ethnicity. (DIPF/Orig.

Reciprocal regulation of protein synthesis and carbon metabolism for thylakoid membrane biogenesis

Metabolic control of gene expression coordinates the levels of specific gene products to meet cellular demand for their activities. This control can be exerted by metabolites acting as regulatory signals and/or a class of metabolic enzymes with dual functions as regulators of gene expression. However, little is known about how metabolic signals affect the balance between enzymatic and regulatory roles of these dual functional proteins. We previously described the RNA binding activity of a 63 kDa chloroplast protein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which has been implicated in expression of the psbA mRNA, encoding the D1 protein of photosystem II. Here, we identify this factor as dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DLA2), a subunit of the chloroplast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (cpPDC), which is known to provide acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis. Analyses of RNAi lines revealed that DLA2 is involved in the synthesis of both D1 and acetyl-CoA. Gel filtration analyses demonstrated an RNP complex containing DLA2 and the chloroplast psbA mRNA specifically in cells metabolizing acetate. An intrinsic RNA binding activity of DLA2 was confirmed by in vitro RNA binding assays. Results of fluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation experiments support a role of DLA2 in acetate-dependent localization of the psbA mRNA to a translation zone within the chloroplast. Reciprocally, the activity of the cpPDC was specifically affected by binding of psbA mRNA. Beyond that, in silico analysis and in vitro RNA binding studies using recombinant proteins support the possibility that RNA binding is an ancient feature of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferases. Our results suggest a regulatory function of DLA2 in response to growth on reduced carbon energy sources. This raises the intriguing possibility that this regulation functions to coordinate the synthesis of lipids and proteins for the biogenesis of photosynthetic membranes

Factive islands from necessary blocking

Oshima (2007) and Schwarz & Simonenko (2018a) credit the unacceptability of so-called factive islands to necessary infelicity – the violation of some or other felicity condition on (wh-)questions in all accessible contexts. We apply this analysis to new types of factive islands – in wh-questions with if any and in multiple wh-questions – and argue that they pose challenges for an analysis in terms of necessary infelicity. We propose that factive islandhood can be understood as due to necessary blocking: in all accessible contexts where such a question would otherwise be felicitous, the speaker would have had to use a different, more suitable, question instead. We show that the necessary blocking analysis applies correctly to both classic factive islands and to the new types that we have identified

Factive islands from necessary blocking

Oshima (2007) and Schwarz & Simonenko (2018a) credit the unacceptability of so-called factive islands to necessary infelicity – the violation of some or other felicity condition on (wh-)questions in all accessible contexts. We applythis analysis to new types of factive islands – in wh-questions with if any and in multiple wh-questions – and argue that they pose challenges for an analysis in terms of necessary infelicity. We propose that factive islandhood can be understood as due to necessary blocking: in all accessible contexts where such a question would otherwise be felicitous, the speaker would have had to use a different, more suitable, question instead. We show that the necessary blocking analysis applies correctly to both classic factive islands and to the new types that we have identified

Seizures and prolonged recovery from general anaesthesia in a horse with guttural pouch mycosis undergoing bilateral arterial coil embolisation

An 11-year-old Holstein mare was referred after profuse bilateral epistaxis due to fungal plaques. Clinical evaluation was unremarkable except for mild tachycardia. General anaesthesia was induced for coil embolisation of the left internal carotid artery, right external carotid and maxillary arteries. Under anaesthesia, cardiorespiratory stability was ensured, and six coils were deployed under fluoroscopy, whereas three previously deployed coils were found. During recovery from anaesthesia, generalised seizures, fast horizontal nystagmus and a breath-holding breathing pattern were evident. Diazepam and medetomidine were administered, but the seizures resumed shortly after. After the administration of hypertonic saline solution and hydrocortisone, the seizures ceased. However, the horse remained unresponsive for 3 hours despite supportive care consisting of oxygen, glucose, fluid therapy and warming. Although a poor prognosis was presumed, the horse recovered after one attempt, 180 minutes after isoflurane cessation. The present case report highlights the importance of adequate support during recovery from anaesthesia

Quantification of single-stranded nucleic acid and oligonucleotide interactions with metal ions by affinity capillary electrophoresis: part I

The interactions between oligonucleotides and inorganic cations have been measured by capillary zone electrophoresis. With increasing concentrations of divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+ and Ni2+) in the running buffer, the migration behavior was evaluated by calculation of the binding constants. Besides these fundamental studies of binding equilibria, different buffer components, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, have been investigated and their effects on metal ion binding quantifie

Aspects of education funding per pupil and type of school, using the example of North Rhine-Westphalia

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Kennzahl "Kosten je Schüler und Schulform auf kommunaler Ebene", die als ein standardisiertes und nachvollziehbares Instrument für Kosten-Wirksamkeits-Analysen auf kommunaler und kleinräumiger Ebene Verwendung finden kann. Die Berechnung der Kennzahl erfolgt beispielhaft für Nordrhein-Westfalen und es zeigt sich, dass der kommunale Beitrag zur Schulfinanzierung nicht unerheblich ist, jedoch auch stark zwischen den Kommunen variiert. Außerdem finden sich Hinweise, dass die Kommunen unterschiedliche Prioritäten bei der Finanzierung der verschiedenen Schulformen haben. (DIPF/Orig.)The authors introduce the indicator \u27costs per student and type of school at the local level\u27, which can be used as a standardized and comprehensible tool for regional cost-effectiveness analyses. In the current investigation, the informative value of this indicator is demonstrated for the case of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany). It turns out that the local contribution to education funding is significant overall and varies greatly between municipalities. Moreover, there is evidence that local authorities have different priorities in funding the various school tracks in North Rhine-Westphalia. (DIPF/Orig.