The ability to predict the results of bioequivalence studies based on a consistent statistical analysis of informative factors

Predicting the results of bioequivalence studies is an urgent and important task in developing protocols for clinical studies of bioequivalence. Objective: to develop an algorithm for predicting bioequivalence results based on factors with a sufficient degree of informativeness. Materials and methods: the analysis of the main factors associated with conducting bioequivalence studies on the data of 290 bioequivalence studies; the informativeness of the factors is characterized and the corresponding points (prognostic factors) of each gradation of each factor are determined; a forecast table and forecast calculation algorithm have been developed; The sensitivity and specificity of the developed prognostic algorithm are compared with the control sample (data from 65 bioequivalent studies from open sources). Statistical processing was performed using SSPS Statistics v. 25 and Microsoft Office Excel 2016. Results: The results of the analysis performed to determine the informative factors by various assessment methods are described. Equations are given for performing the corresponding calculations. The key and most informative features are shown, on the basis of which a forecast table is created and a forecast algorithm is developed. The results of the analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of the algorithm for predicting the results of bioequivalence studies are presented. Conclusion: an algorithm and a calculator for predicting the results of bioequivalence based on factors with a sufficient degree of information content have been developed. The algorithm showed high values of sensitivity and specificity, as well as a low percentage of errors

Random Copolymers of Styrene with Pendant Fluorophore Moieties: Synthesis and Applications as Fluorescence Sensors for Nitroaromatics

Five random copolymers comprising styrene and styrene with pendant fluorophore moieties, namely pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and triphenylamine, in molar ratios of 10:1, were synthesized and employed as fluorescent sensors. Their photophysical properties were investigated using absorption and emission spectral analyses in dichloromethane solution and in solid state. All copolymers possessed relative quantum yields up to 0.3 in solution and absolute quantum yields up to 0.93 in solid state, depending on their fluorophore components. Fluorescence studies showed that the emission of these copolymers is highly sensitive towards various nitroaromatic compounds, both in solution and in the vapor phase. The detection limits of these fluorophores for nitroaromatic compounds in dichloromethane solution proved to be in the range of 10−6 to 10−7 mol/L. The sensor materials for new hand-made sniffers based on these fluorophores were prepared by electrospinning and applied for the reliable detection of nitrobenzene vapors at 1 ppm in less than 5 min

Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000–1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought