Children’s embodied experience of living with domestic violence: ‘I’d go into my panic, and shake, really bad’

Children who experience domestic violence are often described in academic and professional literature as passive victims, whose ‘exposure’ to violence and abuse at home leaves them psychologically damaged, socially impaired, inarticulate, cognitively ‘concrete’ and emotionally ‘incompetent’. Whilst we recognise the importance of understanding the hurt, disruption and damage that domestic violence can cause, we also explore alternative possible ways of talking about and thinking about the lives of children who have experienced domestic violence. We report on interviews and drawings with 27 UK children, using interpretive analysis to explore their capacity for agency and resistance. We explore the paradoxical interplay of children’s acceptance and resistance to coercive control, paying specific attention to embodied experience and use of space. We consider how children articulate their experiences of pain and coercion, how they position themselves as embodied and affective subjects, and challenge Scarry’s (1985) suggestion that embodied pain and violence are inexpressible

Children’s experiences of domestic violence: A teaching and training challenge

In this chapter we explore the complexities of training and teaching students and practitioners about children’s experiences of domestic violence. The research conducted on children’s experiences has tended to focus on these negative outcomes, representing these children as damaged and vulnerable (Callaghan and Alexander, 2015; Øverlien, 2013). Such research outlines that children have elevated lifelong risk of mental health difficulties (Bogat et al., 2006; Lamers-Winkelman et al., 2012; Stover, 2005); interpersonal difficulties (Baldry, 2003; Holmes, 2013; Renner and Slack, 2006); educational difficulties and educational drop out (Byrne and Taylor, 2007), and physical health problems (Bair-Merritt et al., 2006). Despite this research representation of children as vulnerable and damaged, services for children who experience domestic violence are often underdeveloped and underfunded (Statham, 2004; Willis et al., 2010), typically additional to adult domestic abuse services, for instance as part of the services offered in shelters

Children’s experiences of domestic violence and abuse: siblings’ accounts of relational coping

This article explores how young people see their relationships, particularly their sibling relationships, in families affected by domestic violence, and how relationality emerges in their accounts as a resource to build an agentic sense of self. The ‘voice’ of children is largely absent from domestic violence literature, which typically portrays them as passive, damaged and relationally incompetent. Children’s own understandings of their relational worlds are often overlooked, and consequently existing models of children’s social interactions give inadequate accounts of their meaning-making-in-context. Drawn from a larger study of children’s experiences of domestic violence and abuse, this paper uses two case studies of sibling relationships to explore young people’s use of relational resources, for coping with violence in the home. The paper explores how relationality and coping intertwine in young people’s accounts, and disrupts the taken for granted assumption that children’s ‘premature caring’ or ‘parentification’ is (only) pathological in children’s responses to domestic violence. This has implications for understanding young people’s experiences in the present, and supporting their capacity for relationship building in the future

Promoting resilience and agency in children and young people who have experienced domestic violence and abuse: The "MPOWER" intervention

The MPOWER programme is a resource oriented intervention to support children and young people (CYP) affected by domestic violence and abuse. It draws on principles from feminist informed systemic family practice and creative therapies. The intervention was delivered in 4 European countries (Greece, Italy, Spain and England), reaching 58 CYP. CYP who participated completed the Children’s Outcome Rating Scale (CORS), and the Children’s Group Session Rating Scale (CGSRS) (Duncan et al., 2003), and a descriptive analysis of this data suggests improvement in subjective wellbeing as CYP moved through this programme. Qualitative interviews were also conducted with 21 CYP, exploring their experience of the group intervention and of its impact in their life. These interviews were analysed thematically (Braun & Clark, 2006). Three themes are discussed: These were “Working Together: Building Trust and Sharing Common Experiences”; “Disclosures, creativity and working with emotions”; and “Roots and Branches: Working with relationships”

Empowering young people who experienced domestic violence and abuse: The development of a group therapy intervention

This article describes the development of a group-based therapeutic intervention for young people (YP) who have lived with domestic violence and abuse. The intervention was informed by interviews with 107 YP, focused on their experiences of coping, resilience and agency. The intervention draws on resources from systemic, creative and narrative approaches to group work, and aims to facilitate YP's expression of distress in a way that recognizes that it is embodied, contextual and relational. The intervention also explores YP's existing strategies for coping and maintaining a sense of agency, and works to harness, enhance and further develop those skills. We report on the pilot of this intervention, and its development and application across four European countries (the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy and Spain). We outline the goals, strengths and limitations of this group intervention, as well as the main challenges, hindrances and ethical dilemmas experienced by the research and intervention team. Implications for therapeutic practice and training are addressed

Understanding Agency and Resistance Strategies (UNARS): Children's experiences of domestic violence

This report focuses on children’s experiences of domestic violence, in families affected by domestic violence. Our report is concerned with children’s experiences in situations where the main perpetrator and victim of violence would be legally defined as two adults in an intimate relationship (not where the child is involved in ‘dating violence’). Research and professional practice that focuses on children as damaged witnesses to domestic violence tends to describe children as passive and helpless. Our study, based on interviews with more than a hundred children across four European countries, recognises the significant suffering caused to children who experience domestic violence. However, it also tells a parallel story, about the capacity of children who experience domestic violence to cope, to maintain a sense of agency, to be resilient, and to find ways of resisting violence, and build a positive sense of who they are. Our project highlights the implications of policy and professional discourses that position children as ‘damaged’ and as ‘witnesses’, but that do not recognise children’s capacity to experience domestic violence, make sense of it, and respond to it in ways that are agentic, resilient and resistant. Describing children as ‘witnesses’, ‘exposed to domestic violence’ and ‘damaged by it’ erodes children’s capacity to represent their experiences, and to articulate the ways that they cope with and resist such experiences. By focusing on children’s capacity for conscious meaning making and agency in relation to their experiences of domestic violence, we highlight the importance of recognising its impact on children, and their right to representation as victims in the context of domestic violence

The relationship between tumour budding, tumour microenvironment and survival in patients with primary operable colorectal cancer

Background: Tumor budding is an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) and has recently been well-defined by the International Tumour Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC). Objective: The aim of the present study was to use the ITBCC budding evaluation method to examine the relationship between tumor budding, tumor factors, tumor microenvironment, and survival in patients with primary operable CRC. Methods: Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 952 CRC patients diagnosed between 1997 and 2007 were evaluated for tumor budding according to the ITBCC criteria. The tumor microenvironment was evaluated using tumor stroma percentage (TSP) and Klintrup–Makinen (KM) grade to assess the tumor inflammatory cell infiltrate. Results: High budding (n = 268, 28%) was significantly associated with TNM stage (p < 0.001), competent mismatch repair (MMR; p < 0.05), venous invasion (p < 0.001), weak KM grade (p < 0.001), high TSP (p < 0.001), and reduced cancer-specific survival (CSS) (hazard ratio 8.68, 95% confidence interval 6.30–11.97; p < 0.001). Tumor budding effectively stratifies CSS stage T1 through to T4 (all p < 0.05) independent of associated factors. Conclusions: Tumor budding effectively stratifies patients’ survival in primary operable CRC independent of other phenotypic features. In particular, the combination of T stage and budding should form the basis of a new staging system for primary operable CRC. Tumor budding has been defined as a single tumor cell or small cluster of four or fewer tumor cells at the invasive front12,18 and should be considered a promising and strong prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC).19 Widespread reporting of tumor budding has not progressed to routine clinical practice due to a lack of consensus on scoring methods. However, routine reporting is now advocated by using the approach outlined by the International Tumour Budding Consensus Conference (ITBCC), with recommendations for the assessment and reporting of tumor budding in CRC.6 The ITBCC recommends that tumor budding should be included in future CRC guidelines and protocols and should be considered, along with other clinicopathological factors, in a multidisciplinary setting. The recent dataset for histopathological reporting of CRC by the royal pathologist stated that they would reconsider reporting tumor budding when new data become available.4 The tumor microenvironment also plays an important role in CRC outcomes. Marked peritumoral inflammation has been associated with favorable outcome,3,14 while the presence of a high tumor stroma percentage (TSP) has been validated as a stage-independent marker of reduced survival in patients with primary operable CRC.7,8. Both contribute to the development of a tumor microenvironment score that can potentially supplement the current TNM staging system.9 The aim of this study was to assess the proposed method by ITBCC in clinical practice and investigate the relationship between tumor budding and tumor factors, tumor microenvironment, and survival in primary operable CRC

Part of the Family:Children’s Experiences with Their Companion Animals in the Context of Domestic Violence and Abuse

Purpose: Children who experience Domestic Violence and Abuse (DVA) draw on a range of strategies to manage the complex dynamics of family life. This article explored children’s experiences of their relationships with pets and other animals, considering how children understood these relationships.Methods: This qualitative study is based on semi-structured interviews and visual methods-based research with 22 children (aged 9–17), drawn from a larger study on how children cope with DVA. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.Findings: Five themes are discussed: Part of the family explores how children positioned animals as relational beings who occupied an important place in their lives; caring for animals considers the reciprocal caring relationship children described; listening and support details how children interacted with animals to allow themselves to feel more heard and supported; in the theme control and abuse, we consider children’s experiences of perpetrators’ use of companion animals as part of a pattern of abuse and control; and in disruption, uncertainty and loss, we discuss how children feel and relate to their animals when leaving situations of domestic abuse.Conclusions: The implications of our analysis are considered in relation to providing support for children impacted by domestic abuse, and the importance of ensuring companion animals are provided for in housing policy and planning for domestic abuse survivors

Beyond ‘witnessing’: children’s experiences of coercive control in domestic violence and abuse

Children’s experiences and voices are underrepresented in academic literature and professional practice around domestic violence and abuse. The project ‘Understanding Agency and Resistance Strategies’ addresses this absence, through direct engagement with children. We present an analysis from interviews with 21 children in the United Kingdom (12 girls and 9 boys, aged 8-18 years), about their experiences of domestic violence and abuse, and their responses to this violence. These interviews were analysed using interpretive interactionism. Three themes from this analysis are presented: a) ‘Children’s experiences of abusive control’, which explores children’s awareness of controlling behaviour by the adult perpetrator, their experience of that control, and its impact on them; b) ‘Constraint’, which explores how children experience the constraint associated with coercive control in situations of domestic violence, and c) ‘Children as agents’ which explores children’s strategies for managing controlling behaviour in their home and in family relationships. The paper argues that, in situations where violence and abuse occurs between adult intimate partners, children are significantly impacted, and can be reasonably described as victims of abusive control. Recognising children as direct victims of domestic violence and abuse would produce significant changes in the way professionals respond to them, by 1) recognising children’s experience of the impact of domestic violence and abuse; 2) recognising children’s agency, undermining the perception of them as passive ‘witnesses’ or ‘collateral damage’ in adult abusive encounters; and 3) strengthening professional responses to them as direct victims, not as passive witnesses to violence

A boron-oxygen transborylation strategy for a catalytic Midland reduction

The enantioselective hydroboration of ketones is a textbook reaction requiring stoichiometric amounts of an enantioenriched borane, with the Midland reduction being a seminal example. Here, a turnover strategy for asymmetric catalysis, boron.oxygen transborylation, has been developed and used to transform the stoichiometric borane reagents of the Midland reduction into catalysts. This turnover strategy was demonstrated by the enantioselective reduction of ketones, including derivatives of biologically active molecules and those containing reducible groups. The enantioenriched borane catalyst was generated in situ from commercially available reagents, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (H-B-9-BBN) and β-pinene, and B.O transborylation with pinacolborane (HBpin) was used for catalytic turnover. Mechanistic studies indicated that B.O transborylation proceeded by B.O/B.H boron exchange through a stereoretentive, concerted transition state, resembling σ-bond metathesis