Boligderivater: et studie av et potensielt nytt marked

Vi har i denne oppgaven gjort en studie av hvilke forutsetninger som finnes for å skape et boligderivatmarked i Norge. For det norske markedet fant vi at personer har en suboptimal allokering mellom boliger og tradisjonelle finansielle aktivum. På grunn av at boliger er en udelelig aktivaklasse har ikke husholdningene mulighet til å justere sin risikoeksponering, dette viser vi at kan løses ved hjelp av boligderivater. Selv om behovet tilsynelatende er tilstede viser også studien at boligderivater kan være vanskelig å få til i praksis på grunn av boligmarkedets karakter

Automated foam control in single-use bioreactors using the single use foam probe

Headspace foam in bioreactors can cause significant issues to a biological process among which are unfavorable metabolic conditions for cells, increased shear from bursting bubbles, cell death/entrainment, mass transfer interference and potential fouling of exhaust filters which can allow a point of entry for contamination or lead to pressure build-up and possible failure of the bioprocess container. This study investigates the efficacy of using a single use foam probe coupled with an automated response of an antifoam addition with an integrated DeltaV controller. Two 50L S.U.B.s run in parallel clearly illustrate differences; the first employing foam control using the foam probe and the second 50L S.U.B. where foam is manually controlled via a dosing interval and manual additions when determined by the operator. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Optimization of the single use bioreactor for growth and bead-to-bead transfer of Vero cells cultured on microcarriers

Scale up and vaccine production processes of adherent cells, such as Vero cells face many challenges. The fundamental steps of equipment selection and chosen operating parameters have a significant impact upon the detachment and reattachment of cells through the scale up process. Microcarriers greatly increase the surface area for adherent cells and offer flexibility for expansion to bioreactors, but scale-up methods require optimization of the mixing within the vessel and also optimization of how the cells are transferred from bead to bead at each step in the seed train. In this study we take a process previously shown to a work in spinner flasks (\u3c1L)1 and demonstrate how the 50L Thermo Scientific™ HyPerforma™ Single-Use Bioreactors (S.U.B.) can be optimized for growing and scaling adherent cells on microcarriers, methods for bead-to-bead transfer of the cells at each scaling step, and final cell isolation using the Harvestainer single use bead capture bag. References Hachmann A, Campbell A, Gorfien S. Scale-up Optimization of Vero Cells Cultured on Microcarriers in Serum-Free Medium for Vaccine Production. Poster presented at: Vaccine Technology VI; 2016 June 12-17; Albufeira, Portugal

Framework for Railway Phase-based Planning

In the railway field, planning the maintenance and renewal strategy from Life Cycle Cost (LCC) perspective gets more and more attentions recent years. The new approach looks at all the costs through the infrastructure life span and use the annuity (continuing payment with a fixed total annual spending) to evaluate the project alternatives. The comparison result can identify the most cost-efficient solution in a long run and therefore reduce the overall costs. This article defines a phase-based framework to guide the railway maintenance and renewal project planning at strategic level. The framework evaluates the project options from a larger LCC scope: The costs from Train Operation Companies (TOCs) and passengers, together with the maintenance and renewal costs from Infrastructure Managers are included in the calculation. The framework simplifies the planning processes and the LCC calculation into 7 phases. By going through the phases, the project’s key evaluation indicators such as track quality and life time, the LCC annuity, Cash flow and Cumulated NPV curve over years, can be visualized into charts, so that the alternative proposals can be easily illustrated and compared. A case study is introduced in the article to demonstrate how the framework works to compare timber sleepers and concrete sleepers from strategic planning level. Two Life Cycle Cost oriented policies are discussed to illustrate: high quality track is necessity to improve the cost efficiency of railway maintenance and renewals

The potential cost from passengers and how it impacts railway maintenance and renewal decisions

To plan Maintenance and Renewals (M&R) for the heavy railway lines, scheduling work possession time and deciding the closure of railway line are quite challenging for Infrastructure Manager (IM) at tactical planning level. As usual, the direct costs such as the materials costs, man power price and machinery costs are the important factors for IM to evaluate all the alternative schedules. At the same time, the potential cost from passengers is also crucial to minimize the impacts to the society. A phase-based planning toolkit is developed to help IM to plan and compare project proposals from a wider cost scope, integrating the passenger loss and direct costs into the comparison at planning stage. Passenger loss is estimated basing on the potential delay time values. The case study shows the potential cost from passengers is one of the key factors impacting the rank of M&R options. It even dominates the overall cost comparison for the busiest railway stations. In such case, the track closure time has to be decided according to the passenger loss instead of the direct costs. Sometime the best proposal for society might be the most expensive solution for IM. Therefore the potential passenger loss is not something that can be ignored at planning stage

Photoionization of High Altitude Gas in a Supernova-Driven Turbulent Interstellar Medium

We investigate models for the photoionization of the widespread diffuse ionized gas in galaxies. In particular we address the long standing question of the penetration of Lyman continuum photons from sources close to the galactic midplane to large heights in the galactic halo. We find that recent hydrodynamical simulations of a supernova-driven interstellar medium have low density paths and voids that allow for ionizing photons from midplane OB stars to reach and ionize gas many kiloparsecs above the midplane. We find ionizing fluxes throughout our simulation grids are larger than predicted by one dimensional slab models, thus allowing for photoionization by O stars of low altitude neutral clouds in the Galaxy that are also detected in Halpha. In previous studies of such clouds the photoionization scenario had been rejected and the Halpha had been attributed to enhanced cosmic ray ionization or scattered light from midplane H II regions. We do find that the emission measure distributions in our simulations are wider than those derived from Halpha observations in the Milky Way. In addition, the horizontally averaged height dependence of the gas density in the hydrodynamical models is lower than inferred in the Galaxy. These discrepancies are likely due to the absence of magnetic fields in the hydrodynamic simulations and we discuss how magnetohydrodynamic effects may reconcile models and observations. Nevertheless, we anticipate that the inclusion of magnetic fields in the dynamical simulations will not alter our primary finding that midplane OB stars are capable of producing high altitude diffuse ionized gas in a realistic three-dimensional interstellar medium.Comment: ApJ accepted. 17 pages, 7 figure

Ionized Gas in the Smith Cloud

We present WHAM observations of Halpha, [N II], and [S II] in the Smith Cloud. A map of Halpha emission from the cloud shows ionized gas coincident with the brightest H I emission, but nearly-as-bright Halpha in some regions with faint H I. The ionized mass of the cloud is at least as large as the neutral mass, > 10^6 M_sun. Ionized gas in the core of the Smith Cloud has an electron temperature 6000 K < T < 16000 K. The observed ratio [N II] / Halpha = 0.39 \pm 0.09 shows that the cloud has a non-primordial nitrogen abundance, 0.1 - 1 times solar.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures. To appear in the proceedings of "The Role of Disk-Halo Interaction in Galaxy Evolution: Outflow vs Infall?", EAS Publication Serie