Squalene and amentoflavone from Antidesma laciniatum

Squalene, (2E, 7x,11x)-phyt-2-en-1-ol and amentoflavone have been isolated from the extract of the leaves of Antidesma laciniatum. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. This is the first report of these compounds from Antidesma species.   KEY WORDS: Antidesma laciniatum, Euphorbiaceae, Squalene, Amentoflavone, (2E, 7x,11x)-Phyt-2-en-1-ol  Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2006, 20(2), 325-328

Cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of eight compounds isolated from Entada abyssinica (Fabaceae)

BACKGROUND : Entada abyssinica is a plant traditionally used against gastrointestinal bacterial infections. Eight compounds including three flavonoids, three terpenoids, a monoglyceride and a phenolic compound isolated from E. abyssinica were investigated for their cytotoxicity, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. RESULTS : Compounds 7 and 2 had remarkable activity against Salmonella typhimurium with the lowest respective minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 1.56 and 3.12 μg/mL. The antioxidant assay gave IC50 values varied from 0.48 to 2.87 μg/mL in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, from 2.53 to 17.04 μg/mL in the 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay and from 1.43 to 103.98 μg/mL in the FRAP assay. Compounds had relatively low cytotoxicity (LC50 values ranging from 22.42 to 80.55 μg/mL) towards Vero cells. Ursolic acid had the most potent cytotoxicity against THP-1 and RAW 264.7 cells with LC50 values of 9.62 and 4.56 μg/mL respectively, and selectivity index values of 7.32 and 15.44 respectively. CONCLUSION : Our findings suggest that among the terpenoid and flavonoid compounds studied, entadanin (compound 7) possess tremendous antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium and could be developed for the treatment of bacterial diseases.The National Research Foundation (NRF) and Medical Research Council (MRC).The University of Pretoria provided a postdoctoral fellowship to JPD.http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpublichealtham2017Paraclinical Science

Procedures and types of small wastewater treatment plants

Zmes vodika in kisika, imenovana voda, je ključni in nenadomestljiv element za življenje. Najdemo jo namreč v vseh živih bitjih, omogoča delovanje vseh življenjsko pomembnih procesov v organizmu, poleg tega z njo zadovoljujemo naše fiziološke potrebe, vzdržujemo čistočo, higieno in jo uporabljamo za najrazličnejše tehnološke namene. Vsak od nas v povprečju porabi kar 150 litrov vode na dan, kar pomeni, da pride do velikih količin odpadne vode. Vso to vodo je potrebno pred ponovno uporabo, izpustom v tla ali v odprte vodotoke prečistiti. Za to poskrbi človek s pospešenim in kontroliranim procesom čiščenja s pomočjo BIOLOŠKIH ČISTILNIH NAPRAV. V prvem delu diplomske naloge so predstavljeni vsi postopki in vrste malih čistilnih naprav, ki se uporabljajo za čiščenje odpadnih voda do 2000 PE (populacijski ekvivalent). Na kratko je opisana tudi aktualna zakonodaja, ki predpisuje kako je/bo potrebno urediti čiščenje odpadnih voda. V drugem delu diplomske naloge sem v poplavi ponudnikov malih čistilnih naprav, ki jih je zaradi aktualnosti le-teh vse več, poskušal čim bolj sistematično pregledati tržišče v republiki Sloveniji. Prav tako sem pregledal tudi cenovne razrede malih čistilnih naprav 5–100 PE in poizkušal ugotoviti najbolj ekonomične rešitve za dane situacije.A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen called water is the key and irreplaceable element for life. We find it in all living creatures and it enables the activity of all vital processes in the organism. Besides, with water we satisfy our physiological needs, we keep everything clean and hygienic and we also use it for different technical purposes. Each of us spends around 150 liters of water per day, which means that there is a lot of »wastewater«. All of this water has to be cleaned before another use, release into the soil or in the open watercourses. The cleaning provides a man with an accelerated and controlled cleaning process using biological wastewater treatment plant. In the first part of my diploma there are presented all the procedures and types of small wastewater treatment plants, which are used for wastewater treatment up to 2000 PE (population equivalent). Briefly is also described the current law, which prescribes how it is or will be necessary to regulate wastewater treatment. In the second part of the diploma I tried to systematically examine the market in the Republic of Slovenia. I have also reviewed the price brackets of small wastewater treatment plants from 5-100 PE and tried to find the most economical solutions for a given situation

A new strychnos alkaloid from Strychnos scheffleri

A phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Strychnos scheffleri resulted in the isolation of a new strychnos alkaloid N-a-deacetylmalagashine (1) together with the known derivative malagashine (2). Elucidation of the structures was based mainly on ID and 2D NMR and MS studies and by comparison with related compounds

<b>Squalene and amentoflavone from <i>Antidesma laciniatum<i></b>

Squalene, (2<i>E</i>, 7&xi;11&xi;)-phyt-2-en-1-ol and amentoflavone have been isolated from the extract of the leaves of <i>Antidesma laciniatum</i>. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. This is the first report of these compounds from <i>Antidesma</i> species

Antioxidant Activity of Compounds Isolated from the Root Woods of Erythrina droogmansiana

peer reviewedThe aim of this study was to isolate, to characterize secondary metabolites from methanolic extract of the root woods of Erythrina droogmansiana and to assess the antioxidant activity of the crude extract and isolated compounds. The phytochemical study led to the isolation of 3-(3’,4’-methelenedioxyphenyl)-2,3-epoxypropanol (1), asperphenamate (2) and three flavonoids namely genistein, diadzein and 4’,5,7-trihydroxy-8-prenylisoflavone. These compounds were characterized using their 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HMBC, HSQC, COSY, mass spectral and the literature. To evaluate antioxidant activity of crude extract and isolated compounds, the radical scavenging (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Ability Power (FRAP) were performed using ascorbic acid as standard. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate radical scavenging potential with IC50 value of 3.14 and 3.31 mg/ml respectively, and moderate reducing power ability with value of 0.14±0.01 mgAAE/mg and 0.21±0.01 mgAAE/mg respectively. The more active compound was genistein (3) with IC50 value of 1.96 mg/ml for the DPPH radical scavenging potential and 0.24±0.02 mgAAE/mg for its ability to reduce iron

A new ent-clerodane diterpenoid from Crassocephalum bauchiense Huch. (Asteraceae).

A phytochemical investigation of the whole plant of Crassocephalum bauchiense Huch. resulted in the isolation of a new clerodane diterpenoid, ent-2beta,18,19-trihydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-16,15-olide (1), together with two known flavonoids 3',5-dihydroxy-4',5',6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (2) and 4',5-dihydroxy-3',5',6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (3). The compounds were tested against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Compound 2 showed weak activity (IC50 = 10.1 g/mL) whilst compounds 1 and 3 were inactive. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by using detailed spectral analyses, especially 1H and 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, NOESY, HMBC and HR-ESI-MS

Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Caloncoba welwitschii Gilg.

Two new compounds namely acetylcaloncobaside (1) and friedocaloncobic acid (2) were isolated from the leaves of Caloncoba welwitschii together with six known compounds. Their structures were determined by standard spectroscopic methods including one- and two-dimensional NMR, EI-MS, and HRESIMS. The new compounds were established as kaempferol 4′,7-dimethoxy-3-O-(3″,4″,6″-O-triacetyl)-β-null-glucopyranoside (1) and 15β-hydroxy-3-oxo-28-friedelanoic acid (2). The isolated compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum, using the semi-automated in vitro model with parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay

Phenolic Compounds and Terpenoids from Hypericum lanceolatum

peer reviewe