Validación de la Escala de Vínculos Interpersonales de Apoyo VIDA.

Social Support is one of the most well documented factors influencing health outcomes. Cultural differences and language use between Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries advise caution in the use of the same measurement instruments. Furthermore the instruments validated in Spain have been developed with very specific or small samples. The aim of this instrumental study was to develop a new general purpose Social Support Questionnaire that overcomes these limitations. Method: With a sample of 1080 participants (48.2% women, mean age 33.51), an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, examining its internal consistency, reliability, convergent validity, content validity and readability. Results: A three-factor structure (Friends, Family and Significant Others Support) was replicated and confirmed (with a very good fit), explaining nearly 73% of the variance with an excellent internal consistency (.94 or more) with significant evidence of convergent validity with other related measurements of Social Support and Health. Conclusions: The parameters of structural validity, internal consistency, reliability and convergent validity, taken together, present an optimized profile when compared to the rest of the reviewed surveys.El Apoyo Social es uno de los factores determinantes del nivel de salud mejor documentados. Las diferencias culturales y en el uso de la lengua entre España y otros países de habla española aconsejan prudencia en el empleo de los mismos instrumentos de medida. Además, los instrumentos validados en España se han basado en muestras muy específicas y pequeñas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido el desarrollo de un cuestionario de Apoyo Social para propósitos generales que supere esas limitaciones. Método: se llevaron a cabo análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio, así como un estudio de la consistencia interna, la fiabilidad, validez convergente, validez de contenido y legibilidad en una muestra de 1080 participantes (48.2% mujeres, edad media 33.51). Resultados: hallamos, replicamos y confirmamos (con muy buen ajuste) una estructura de tres factores (Apoyo de Amigos, Familia y Personas Relevantes) que explican una varianza cercana al 73%, con una excelente consistencia interna (.94 o más) y fiabilidad, y con indicios significativos de validez convergente con otras medidas de Apoyo Social y de salud relacionadas. Conclusiones: los parámetros de validez estructural, consistencia interna, fiabilidad y validez convergente tomados en su conjunto, presentan un perfil optimizado en comparación con el resto de los cuestionarios revisados

Docencia y salud mental ¿es contaminante la tarea del profesor? Una propuesta

La tarea de enseñar es un trabajo tóxico para la salud mental de los profesores, y se debe, entre otros motivos, a las relaciones interpersonales y al uso que hacen de su propia libertad los alumnos. Se plantea la necesidad de ayudar a los profesores y conservar su calidad de vida

Los niños hablan de otra manera. Entender el lenguaje de los niños

En este artículo se hace referencia a la importancia y complejidad de la comunicación humana, haciendo énfasis en el lenguaje no verbal. Para los niños es especialmente necesario comunicarse y su forma de hacerlo es cualitativamente diferente a la de los adultos. El juego es una forma privilegiada de expresión del niñ

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Validation of the Interpersonal Support Links Scale VIDA

El Apoyo Social es uno de los factores determinantes del nivel de salud mejor documentados. Las diferencias culturales y en el uso de la lengua entre España y otros países de habla española aconsejan prudencia en el empleo de los mismos instrumentos de medida. Además, los instru- mentos validados en España se han basado en muestras muy específicas y pequeñas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido el desarrollo de un cuestiona- rio de Apoyo Social para propósitos generales que supere esas limitaciones. Método: se llevaron a cabo análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio, así como un estudio de la consistencia interna, la fiabilidad, validez conver- gente, validez de contenido y legibilidad en una muestra de 1080 partici- pantes (48.2% mujeres, edad media 33.51). Resultados: hallamos, replicamos y confirmamos (con muy buen ajuste) una estructura de tres factores (Apoyo de Amigos, Familia y Personas Relevantes) que explican una va- rianza cercana al 73%, con una excelente consistencia interna (.94 o más) y fiabilidad, y con indicios significativos de validez convergente con otras medidas de Apoyo Social y de salud relacionadas. Conclusiones: los paráme- tros de validez estructural, consistencia interna, fiabilidad y validez conver- gente tomados en su conjunto, presentan un perfil optimizado en compa- ración con el resto de los cuestionarios revisadosSocial Support is one of the most well documented factors in- fluencing health outcomes. Cultural differences and language use between Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries advise caution in the use of the same measurement instruments. Furthermore the instruments validat- ed in Spain have been developed with very specific or small samples. The aim of this instrumental study was to develop a new general purpose Social Support Questionnaire that overcomes these limitations. Method: With a sample of 1080 participants (48.2% women, mean age 33.51), an explora- tory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, examining its internal consistency, reliability, convergent validity, content validity and readability. Results: A three-factor structure (Friends, Family and Significant Others Support) was replicated and confirmed (with a very good fit), explaining nearly 73% of the variance with an excellent internal consistency (.94 or more) with significant evidence of convergent validity with other related measurements of Social Support and Health. Conclusions: The parameters of structural validity, internal consistency, reliability and convergent validi- ty, taken together, present an optimized profile when compared to the rest of the reviewed surveys

Validation of the Interpersonal Support Links Scale VIDA

El Apoyo Social es uno de los factores determinantes del nivel de salud mejor documentados. Las diferencias culturales y en el uso de la lengua entre España y otros países de habla española aconsejan prudencia en el empleo de los mismos instrumentos de medida. Además, los instru- mentos validados en España se han basado en muestras muy específicas y pequeñas. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido el desarrollo de un cuestiona- rio de Apoyo Social para propósitos generales que supere esas limitaciones. Método: se llevaron a cabo análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio, así como un estudio de la consistencia interna, la fiabilidad, validez conver- gente, validez de contenido y legibilidad en una muestra de 1080 partici- pantes (48.2% mujeres, edad media 33.51). Resultados: hallamos, replicamos y confirmamos (con muy buen ajuste) una estructura de tres factores (Apoyo de Amigos, Familia y Personas Relevantes) que explican una va- rianza cercana al 73%, con una excelente consistencia interna (.94 o más) y fiabilidad, y con indicios significativos de validez convergente con otras medidas de Apoyo Social y de salud relacionadas. Conclusiones: los paráme- tros de validez estructural, consistencia interna, fiabilidad y validez conver- gente tomados en su conjunto, presentan un perfil optimizado en compa- ración con el resto de los cuestionarios revisadosSocial Support is one of the most well documented factors in- fluencing health outcomes. Cultural differences and language use between Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries advise caution in the use of the same measurement instruments. Furthermore the instruments validat- ed in Spain have been developed with very specific or small samples. The aim of this instrumental study was to develop a new general purpose Social Support Questionnaire that overcomes these limitations. Method: With a sample of 1080 participants (48.2% women, mean age 33.51), an explora- tory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, examining its internal consistency, reliability, convergent validity, content validity and readability. Results: A three-factor structure (Friends, Family and Significant Others Support) was replicated and confirmed (with a very good fit), explaining nearly 73% of the variance with an excellent internal consistency (.94 or more) with significant evidence of convergent validity with other related measurements of Social Support and Health. Conclusions: The parameters of structural validity, internal consistency, reliability and convergent validi- ty, taken together, present an optimized profile when compared to the rest of the reviewed surveys

PROYECTO UTICA. INVESTIGACIÓN EN LA CIUDAD FENICIO-PÚNICA. IV INFORME DE LA CAMPAÑA DE EXCAVACIÓN DE 2014

Ahmed Ferjaoui y José Luis López Castro (codirectores)Se presentan los resultados preliminares de la campaña de excavación de 2014 en la antigua ciudad de Utica (Túnez), en dos áreas al norte de la ciudad, denominadas zonas I y II. En la segunda se ha localizado en los cortes 20 y 21 un edificio del siglo ix a. C. al que se vinculan hornos domésticos y un pozo cegado, con un importante conjunto de cerámicas fenicias, griegas, sardas nurágicas y locales. En la zona I se ha continuado la excavación de las áreas de los cortes 10 y 11. En el primero se han excavado varios sectores que han permitido precisar la datación de los sistemas constructivos fenicio-púnicos y romanos, localizar un área relacionada con un horno de producción y una calle romana de época imperial. En el área del corte 11 se ha podido conocer mejor la planta del edificio monumental y precisar la datación de las dos fases del edificio monumental fenicio-púnico.La campaña fue financiada con fondos del proyecto de investigación HAR2011-29880 del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España, así como con la subvención concedida por el Instituto del Patrimonio Histórico Español del Ministerio de Educación y Deporte del Gobierno de España, dentro del programa de excavaciones arqueológicas en el exterior

Tendencias nacionales e internacionales en la formación de abogados

Desde hace mucho tiempo, la Educación en Latinoamérica se encuentra en crisis. Por ello, las Instituciones de Educación Superior, las entidades del Estado y los organismos internacionales han asumido la responsabilidad de establecer una cultura de educar en y para lo superior en términos de calidad, lo cual ha permitido realizar programas, proyectos, convenciones y demás, que contribuyan al mejoramiento de la educación. Igualmente, en las facultades de Derecho también se observa latente esta situación, evidenciándose, en su gran mayoría, en los profesionales que al salir de la academia se encuentran con un mundo diferente al aprendido. Es por esto que se reflexiona –por parte de los estudiosos del Derecho e investigadores en el área de la formación de abogados– sobre los principales inconvenientes en el proceso educativo de futuros jurídicos, hasta replantear el paradigma para la enseñanza del Derecho, y así responder a la dinámica social con un currículo flexible y transdisciplinar

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization