Factors determining the financial effectiveness of outsourcing in medical entities in Poland

The aim of the paper was to analyze the financial efficiency of outsourcing in connection with basic and auxiliary activity of medical entities in Poland. Research material consisted of 755 questionnaires filled in by the representatives of medical entities. Five of them were completed only partially, and thus they were not qualified for analysis, which means that complete analysis was performed in 750 medical entities, selected at random from the Register of Health Care Providers. The analysis of medical entities was performed in connection with outsourcing activities. The following auxiliary services were examined: cleaning, laundry, catering, property security and waste disposal, together with the services connected with basic activity, such as: medical staff, medical imaging, laboratory diagnostics. Each area was analyzed in connection with the reason for transferring a given activity to an external company, benefits and disadvantages obtained in connection with separating the service from the entity's structure as well as the method for monitoring the external company. Economies that medical entities gained compared to the costs of the same function before its separation were analyzed, together with the fact whether employees of the entity were given the job in the medical entity after its restructuring or not. All of the abovementioned areas were analyzed with relation to entity type, following the division into public and non-public entities

Czynniki socjodemograficzne a zjawisko samoleczenia bólu w Polsce

Introduction. Self-healing applies to the use of non-prescription drugs, as well as nutritional supplements, and herbal plant products for the treatment of diseases and symptoms diagnosed single-handedly. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of socio-demographic factors on the phenomenon of self-healing pain among Poles. Material and method. The study involved 218 randomly selected respondents, 159 women and 59 men. The tool was a questionnaire designed for the study. Collected data were analyzed using cross tables. Results. During six months before the start of the study 90% of respondents used the analgesics. Women declared that they took pain medication several times a month, three times more often than men. The type of pain for which respondents most frequently used the self-treatment is varied by gender as well as age and type of professional activity of the studied group. The most important factor in the purchase of the drug among the oldest patients is usually the pharmacist's advice (47.1% of the group), and among the youngest respondents - previous use of the drug (62.5%). About 70% of respondents admit that they use the Internet to obtain information about medicines. Conclusions. The most important element in the development of responsible self-treatment is education, in terms of both responsible consumption of analgesics, and the use of appropriate sources concerning the treatment of these diseases.Wprowadzenie. Samoleczenie dotyczy głównie stosowania leków wydawanych bez recepty, ale również suplementów diety, produktów roślinnych i ziół w leczeniu chorób oraz objawów rozpoznanych samodzielnie. Celem pracy jest ocena wpływu czynników socjodemograficznych na zjawisko samoleczenia bólu przez Polaków. Materiał i metoda. W badaniu udział wzięło 218 losowo wybranych respondentów, 159 kobiet oraz 59 mężczyzn. Narzędzie stanowił kwestionariusz skonstruowany na potrzeby badania. Zabrane dane poddano analizie tabelarycznej z wykorzystaniem tabel krzyżowych. Wyniki. W okresie sześciu miesięcy przed rozpoczęciem badania po leki przeciwbólowe sięgnęło 90% ankietowanych. Kobiety trzykrotnie częściej niż mężczyźni deklarowały, że zażywały leki przeciwbólowe kilka razy w miesiącu. Rodzaj dolegliwości bólowych, w przypadku których respondenci najczęściej stosowali samoleczenie jest zróżnicowany ze względu na płeć, jak również wiek oraz rodzaj aktywności zawodowej badanych. Czynnikiem skłaniającym do zakupu leku przez najstarszych pacjentów jest najczęściej porada farmaceuty (47,1% grupy), a dla najmłodszych – wcześniejsze zastosowanie leku (62,5%). Około 70% badanych przyznaje, że wykorzystuje internet do pozyskania informacji o lekach. Wnioski. Najistotniejszym elementem rozwoju odpowiedzialnego samoleczenia jest edukacja, zarówno w zakresie odpowiedzialnej konsumpcji leków przeciw-bólowych, jak również w zakresie wykorzystywania odpowiednich źródeł dotyczących terapii tych dolegliwości

Wpływ reklamy telewizyjnej produktów leczniczych na zakup przeciwbólowych leków OTC w Polsce

Introduction. Drug manufacturers take a variety of activities to meet the needs of their potential customers. One of the most important elements of drug promotion is advertising. Numerous studies have shown that the most effective form of advertising is television advertising that combines vision with sound, which increases the chance of remembering the advertising.The aim of the study was to point out the relationship between television advertising and purchasing decisions on OTC analgesics among students of Warsaw Medical University.Material and method. The research tool was an anonymous survey. The research was conducted via the Internet.Results. The results showed that television advertising of medicinal products has a significant impact on purchasing decisions among students of Warsaw Medical University. However, students most often suggest the efficacy of the drug while making the decision about purchasing of medicinal product (46.55%). Respondents indicated that the advertising is the most authentic, when the drug is recommended by a doctor. From among all OTC painkillers, students bought mainly headache tablets (90%) and the least often products for bones and joints ache (59.47%).Conclusions. Television advertising is an important promotional tool and a starting point in terms of the impact on potential buyers of drugs. The study shows that television advertising has a significant impact also on the purchase decisions of students. The survey results also indicate that painkillers are one of the most popular categories of medicinal products available without a prescription, which confirms the information published in many reports from the pharmaceutical market, indicating that the consumption of painkillers constantly remains at a high level.Wstęp. Producenci leków podejmują wiele różnych działań, aby zaspokoić potrzeby swoich potencjalnych klientów. Jednym z najważniejszych elementów promocji leków jest reklama. Liczne badania wskazują, iż najskuteczniejszą formą reklamy jest reklama telewizyjna, która łącząc wizję z fonią, podnosi stopień zapamiętywania treści przekazu reklamowego.Celem badania było wykazanie zależności pomiędzy reklamą telewizyjną a decyzjami zakupowymi dotyczącymi leków przeciwbólowych OTC wśród studentów Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego.Materiał i metoda. Narzędziem badawczym była anonimowa ankieta, a badanie przeprowadzono za pośrednictwem Internetu.Wyniki. Wyniki badania wykazały, iż reklama telewizyjna produktów leczniczych wywiera istotny wpływ na decyzje zakupowe wśród studentów Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego. Podejmując decyzję o zakupie produktu leczniczego, studenci najczęściej jednak sugerują się skutecznością danego leku (46,55%). Respondenci wskazali, że przekaz reklamowy jest najbardziej autentyczny, gdy lek rekomendowany jest przez lekarza. Studencinajczęściej korzystają ze środków przeciwbólowych OTC z powodu bólu głowy (90%), a najrzadziej z powodu bólu kości i stawów (59,47%).Wnioski. Reklama telewizyjna stanowi ważne narzędzie promocji oraz punkt wyjścia w kwestii oddziaływania na potencjalnych nabywców leków. Przeprowadzone badanie wskazuje, iż reklama telewizyjna wywiera istotny wpływ także na decyzje zakupowe studentów. Wyniki badania wskazują również, że leki przeciwbólowe stanowią jedną z najpopularniejszych kategorii produktów leczniczych dostępnych bez recepty, co potwierdza informacje publikowane w wielu raportach z rynku farmaceutycznego, wskazujące, że konsumpcja leków przeciwbólowych stale utrzymuje się na wysokim poziomie

The scope of obligatory civil liability insurance of entities conducting medical activities and liability for damages resulting from violations of patients’ rights in the Polish law

Abstract: In the elaboration, the objective scope of obligatory civil liability insurance of entities conducting medical activities in the context of protection from damages resulting from violations of patients’ rights was presented. Based on art. 25 sec. 1 of the Act on Medical Activity, insurance protection covers damages that are the result of the provision of medical services or an illegal omission to provide them. It concerns consequences of erroneous actions related to the provision of medical services as well as damages occurring as a result of an unjustified refusal to provide a medical service or premature cessation of the provision of services if there was an objective prerequisite to continue them driven by medical grounds. The objective scope of insurance protection resulting from obligatory civil liability insurance of an entity conducting medical activities does not apply – as a rule – to damages resulting from violations of patients’ rights. It cannot be considered that a damage related to violation of a patient’s right constitutes a consequence of the provision of medical services or an illegal omission of the provisions of medical services. Such damage is a consequence of a violation of the patient’s right. Financial consequences of patients’ claims resulting from violations of patients’ rights will be borne by entities conducting medical activities. If a patient requests a financial redress, its payment will not be made from the obligatory civil liability insurance policy. The violation of patient’s right to medical services constitutes the only exception

COVID-19 – Infection prevention in prisons and jails in Poland

Introduction and objective. Due to the specificity of conditions in penitentiary establishments, there is an increased risk of rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus infections. In addition, there is a high prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases among inmates, which increases the risk of the severe course of COVID-19. The objectives of the study are to present the number and percentage of officers and employees of the Prison Service (PS), and inmates quarantined and infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the period from March to the end of December 2020, as well as to present solutions aimed at limiting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and method. Information on the number of PS officers, employees and inmates quarantined and infected, as well as information on the solutions introduced by the Prison Service Management Bard,was obtained from the Ministry of Justice pursuant to the provisions of the Act on Access to Public Information. Results. From1 March 2020 – 31 December 2020, the number of cases of infection detected among PS officers and employees was 3,666, and among inmates – 599. 97.7% of all cases among PS officers and employees and 93.8% among inmates were reported in the last 3 months of the year. Conclusions. The rapid introduction of solutions aimed at limiting the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and proper monitoring of the epidemic in penitentiary establishments resulted in a low number of infections in the period from March to the end of December 2020. Infections among PS officers and employees, as well as inmates, seem to be parallel to the epidemiological situation in the population of the entire country. Further analysis of the epidemic will confirm the impact of the measures taken on the incidence of COVID-19 among PS officers, employees and inmates

Challenges in Musical Translation of the Songs by Luiz Gonzaga into Polish.

Główny cel niniejszej pracy stanowi analiza przekładu wybranych tekstów piosenek Luiza Gonzagi, kompozytora, muzyka, piosenkarza i jednej z najważniejszych postaci brazylijskiej sceny muzycznej XX wieku. Pierwsza część dysertacji obejmuje wprowadzenie teoretyczne, w którym omówiono podstawowe definicje przekładu melicznego. Komentowana jest również kwestia dominanty oraz zarysowany jest rozwój koncepcji udomowienia i egzotyzacji. W rozdziale drugim przedstawiono charakterystykę sertão, części północno-wschodniego regionu Brazylii, z której pochodzi forró, w celu kontekstualizacji tamtejszej rzeczywistości. Na zakończenie części teoretycznej, w rozdziale trzecim, dokonano krótkiej prezentacji postaci Luiza Gonzagi oraz samego stylu muzycznego i tanecznego - forró. Czwarty rozdział pracy zawiera tłumaczenia, zaproponowane przez autorkę niniejszej pracy, wybranych utworów Gonzagi wraz z ich analizą, z uwzględnieniem przedstawionej wcześniej metodologii. Repertuar rozpatrywany w części praktycznej jest zróżnicowany pod względem rytmicznym i tematycznym, co daje nam więcej kontekstu do badań. Pracę kończy podsumowanie wniosków, po których następują odniesienia bibliograficzne do cytowanych utworów.The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the translations of the lyrics of the selected songs by Luiz Gonzaga, a composer, musician, singer and one of the greatest figures of the Brazilian music scene of the 20th century. The first part of the study covers a theoretical introduction, where the basic definitions of musical translation are approached. The question of the dominant is also commented, and the development of the concept of domestication and foreignization is outlined. In the second chapter presents the characteristics of the sertão, part of the Northeast region of Brazil from where forró originates, to contextualize that reality. In order to conclude the theoretical part, in the third chapter a short presentation of the figure of Luiz Gonzaga and of his own musical and dancing style - forró - is made. The fourth chapter of the work includes translations, proposed by the author of this thesis, of Gonzaga's chosen songs, together with their analysis, taking into consideration the previously shown methodology. The repertoire discussed in this dissertation is varied in rhythmic and thematic terms, which gives us more context for the research. In the end of this thesis, the conclusions are set out, which follow the bibliographical references of the selection of the works cited.O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em analisar as traduções das letras das canções selecionadas de Luiz Gonzaga, um compositor, músico, cantor e uma das maiores personagens da cena musical brasileira do século XX. A primeira parte do estudo abrange uma introdução teórica, onde se abarca as definições básicas da tradução musical. Comenta-se também a questão da dominante, e esboça-se o desenvolvimento do conceito de domesticação e exotização. No segundo capítulo foram exibidas as caraterísticas do sertão, a parte da região do Nordeste do Brasil de onde se origina o forró, para contextualizar a realidade sertaneja. A fim de concluir a parte teórica, no terceiro capítulo, efetua-se uma curta apresentação da figura de Luiz Gonzaga e do próprio estilo musical e dançante – forró. O quarto capítulo do trabalho engloba traduções, propostas pela autora do presente trabalho, das canções selecionadas de Gonzaga, junto com as respetivas análises, tendo em conta a metodologia anteriormente exibida. O repertório discutido na presente dissertação é variado em termos rítmicos e temáticos, o que nos dá maior contexto para a investigação. Na finalização desta tese expõem-se as conclusões, depois das quais seguem as referências bibliográficas das obras citadas

Selected music themes in the Afonso Cruz’ novel Kokoschka’s Doll

Główny cel niniejszej pracy stanowi analiza wybranych odniesień muzycznych w powieści pt. Kukła Kokoschki (2010) autorstwa Afonso Cruza, współczesnego portugalskiego pisarza, muzyka, ilustratora i filmowca. Pierwsza część pracy obejmuje wprowadzenie teoretyczne, w którym zwięźle omówiono główne formy, w jakich motywy muzyczne mogą występować w tekstach literackich, przykładowo, tworząc element fikcji literackiej, wprowadzając odpowiedni nastrój, czy stanowiąc narzędzie pomocne w ocenie moralnej bohaterów. W drugiej części pracy przedstawiono wybrane motywy muzyczne obecne w powieści, w tym m. in. cytowane fragmenty utworów muzycznych, głównie jazzowych, postacie muzyków, rolę, jaką muzyka może spełniać w naszym życiu (edukacyjna, terapeutyczna), czy charakterystyki bohaterów poprzez ich postawy względem muzyki. Szeroka gama motywów muzycznych zawartych w powieści odzwierciedla bogactwo i różnorodność tematyki związanej z muzyką i jej znaczeniem w życiu człowieka.The main objective of this thesis is to analyze selected music themes in the novel “Kokoschka’s Doll” by Afonso Cruz - contemporary Portuguese writer, musician, illustrator and filmmaker. The first part of the work includes theoretical introduction, where the main forms of how music motifs can be found in literary texts are briefly described, for example creating an element of literary fiction, introducing the right mood or acting as a helpful tool in moral assessment of characters. The second part of the work presents selected music themes present in the novel including, among others, cited fragments of music, especially of jazz, figures of musicians, the role that music can play in our lives (educational, therapeutic) or characteristics of figures through their attitudes towards music. Wide range of the music themes contained in the novel reflects the richness and diversity of the themes related to music and its importance in human life.O objetivo principal do presente trabalho consiste em analisar algumas referências musicais no romance A Boneca de Kokoschka (2010) da autoria de Afonso Cruz, um escritor, músico, desenhador e cineasta português contemporâneo. A primeira parte do estudo abrange uma introdução teórica, em que se fala, brevemente, das principais formas da presença de referências musicais em obras literárias, por exemplo, constituindo um elemento da ficção literária, criando um ambiente ou sendo um instrumento que ajuda a avaliar as personagens do ponto de vista moral. Na segunda parte do trabalho foram apresentadas algumas referências musicais incluídas na obra, entre outras, os trechos de várias peças musicais citados no texto, nomeadamente do jazz, algumas figuras dos músicos, o papel que a música pode desempenhar na nossa vida (educativa, terapêutica) ou os retratos das personagens através das suas atitudes e relação com a música. A obra de Afonso Cruz contém um vasto leque de referências musicais que mostram a riqueza e a variedade da temática musical e a importância da música na vida do homem

The impact of innovation on the development of the fitness industry

Problematyka innowacji została w wielu dziedzinach życia dokładnie zbadana, jednak nie dotyczy to prężnie rozwijającej się w ostatnich latach branży fitness. Celem niniejszej pracy jest wskazanie determinant rozwoju w branży fitness. Natomiast celem badań, których wyniki zostały w niej zaprezentowane, identyfikacja rodzaju i źródeł innowacji wprowadzanychw klubach fitness i siłowniach. Przedmiotem badań niniejszej pracy były innowacje, nowości i usprawnienia, które zostały wprowadzone lub mają zostać wprowadzone w branży fitness. Zgodę na udział w badaniach wyraziło 45 klubów fitness i siłowni znajdujących się na terenie Polski. Badanie dowiodło, że najczęściej wprowadzanymi innowacjami w branży fitness są innowację produktowe i procesowe. Źródłami innowacji w obszarze branży fitness najczęściej są własne pomysły, pracownicy i aktualne trendy pojawiające się na rynku. Podczas pandemii kluby fitness najczęściej sięgały po innowacje dotyczące technologii i tak wiele z nich wprowadziło możliwość przeprowadzenia treningów online. Źródłami naukowymi wykorzystywanymi do napisania pracy była literatura przedmiotu z zakresu zarządzania, ekonomii, sportu, jak również ogólnodostępne raporty branżowe z zakresu sportu i aktywności fizycznej.The issue of innovation has been thoroughly studied in many areas of life, but this does not apply to the fitness industry, which has been developing rapidly in recent years. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the determinants of development in the fitness industry. In turn, the purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in it, is to identify the type and sources of innovations introduced in fitness clubs and gyms. The subject of the research of this study was innovations, novelties and improvements that have been introduced or are to be introduced in the fitness industry. Forty-five fitness clubs and gyms located in Poland agreed to participate in the study. The survey found that the most common innovations introduced in the fitness industry are product and process innovations. Sources of innovation in the fitness industry area most often remain the company's own ideas, employees and current trends emerging in the market. During the pandemic, fitness clubs most often turned to innovations related to technology, and so many of them introduced the possibility of online workouts. The research sources used to write the thesis included literature on management, economics, sports, as well as publicly available industry reports on sports and physical activity