Present experiences and challenges in inspections activities in Serbia

During 2016, after 3 years, activities which were focused on establishing a system for control testing of sprayer and air assisted sprayers on the territory of the Republic of Serbia the whole system was established on a 31 station for control testing of PAE and 2 bodies who are responsible for control and system organization. Thanks to the activities carried out through the IPA Twinning Project SR12 / IB / AG / 01 in December 2014, the equipment supplied to all stations by its basic activity of agricultural schools, agricultural extension services, professional high schools, agricultural institutes. Stations are equipped with all necessary equipment. The equipment is at each station entrusted to graduate agricultural engineer who have full-time job and they were trained in two basic courses. Plan was that during 2017. Serbia get new “Law of plant protection products”, which include parts of mandatory control testing PAE but we still in anticipation of this new legislation. During these anticipations, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad organized many workshops with agricultural producers. Aim of this workshops is to introduce agricultural producers with important and benefit of sprayer inspection and calibration. These workshops were supported by Vojvodina’s government. Also many of established station start with training of agricultural producers in their area with support of municipality or other state local body. Agricultural producers make good response on this activity, so experts from Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad, provide also to agricultural producers training in their “Education Developmental Center for Pesticide Application Equipment” (ERTAP). We call it “ERTAP open days”. So, during season of spraying they can call us or visit our Center and we help them to be more effective and environmental friendly in pesticide application. Still, the biggest problem is that we do not have new legislation. Like two years ago, also now for implantation of control testing in Serbia we needed an urgent adoption of a new law as well as supporting acts, with emphasis Rules on control testing, in order to implement the system in practice.During 2016, after 3 years, activities which were focused on establishing a system for control testing of sprayer and air assisted sprayers on the territory of the Republic of Serbia the whole system was established on a 31 station for control testing of PAE and 2 bodies who are responsible for control and system organization. Thanks to the activities carried out through the IPA Twinning Project SR12 / IB / AG / 01 in December 2014, the equipment supplied to all stations by its basic activity of agricultural schools, agricultural extension services, professional high schools, agricultural institutes. Stations are equipped with all necessary equipment. The equipment is at each station entrusted to graduate agricultural engineer who have full-time job and they were trained in two basic courses. Plan was that during 2017. Serbia get new “Law of plant protection products”, which include parts of mandatory control testing PAE but we still in anticipation of this new legislation. During these anticipations, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad organized many workshops with agricultural producers. Aim of this workshops is to introduce agricultural producers with important and benefit of sprayer inspection and calibration. These workshops were supported by Vojvodina’s government. Also many of established station start with training of agricultural producers in their area with support of municipality or other state local body. Agricultural producers make good response on this activity, so experts from Faculty of Agriculture Novi Sad, provide also to agricultural producers training in their “Education Developmental Center for Pesticide Application Equipment” (ERTAP). We call it “ERTAP open days”. So, during season of spraying they can call us or visit our Center and we help them to be more effective and environmental friendly in pesticide application. Still, the biggest problem is that we do not have new legislation. Like two years ago, also now for implantation of control testing in Serbia we needed an urgent adoption of a new law as well as supporting acts, with emphasis Rules on control testing, in order to implement the system in practice

Kvalitet tretiranja pri mehanizovanoj zaštiti uljane repice različitim rasprskivačima

Oil seed rape is one of three most important culture on the world. Production and protection of oil seed have some specific according to other cultures. When we speak of mechanization in oil seed production then we think on seed treatment with plant protection products. There is also need for protection against weeds, disease and insect. Sometime we need to protect oil seed rape against rodent using some rodenticide. In some moister condition it can be done desiccation with nonselective herbicide. Efficiency of pesticide application depends from application time and correct use and choice of machine and nozzles for application. This paper work analyze problems in oil seed rape protection from insects meligethes aeneus which cause damages and decrease of yield. Accent is on quality parameters analyses of using different type of nozzles for insecticides application in spring. The most important parameters which was analyze in this paper is leaf coverage. Treating was done with application rate 200 l/ha and three different type of nozzles. The lowest leaf coverage was achieved with standard nozzles Lechler LU12004, 36,79 %. Better coverage was achieved with nozzles IDK 12004, 37,24 % and the best overages was reached with 'Twin Jet' IDKT 04 nozzles. It was a coverage of 44,64 %.Uljana repica je veoma važna uljana kultura. Njena vegetacija počinje krajem leta i početkom jeseni, a završava se obično početkom leta naredne godine. Njeno gajenje i zaštita u odnosu na druge kulture, ima određenih specifičnosti. Mehanizovana hemijska zaštita uljane repice obuhvata uobičajene mere i dopunske mere, koje se sprovode ukoliko to uslovi zahtevaju. Uobičajeno je da se obavlja tretiranje semena repice fungicidima i insekticidima, dok se u prolećnom periodu u toku vegetacije, vrši zaštita od štetočina (sjajnik). Po potrebi izvodi se zaštita od korova, u nekim slučajevima, vrši se tretiranje protiv bolesti fungicidima u toku vegetacije. Ako period sazrevanja uljane repice prate česte kiše, može se sprovesti mehanizovana desikacija. U radu su dati rezultati istraživanja mehanizovane hemijske zaštite repice u toku vegetacije protiv štetočina (sjajnik). Tretiranje je obavljeno sa normom od 200 l/ha i tri vrste rasprskivača na istoj parceli u istim uslovima. Najniža pokrivenost površina, ostvarena je korišćenjem standardnih rasprskivača Lechler LU12004 (crveni) od 36, 79 %, nešto viša sa rasprskivačima IDK od 37,24 %, a značajno viša 44,64 % sa rasprskivačima sa duplim mlazom Twin Jet

New challenges about pesticide application equipment in Serbia: Usage of new nozzles types for better deposition and coverage.

Unofficial results of inspections of pesticide application equipment stands out several parts of field crop sprayers. One of them are nozzles. Many producers (more then 90%) have bad nozzles. These elements are not in accordance with standard which means they have bigger flow rate and uneven horizontal distribution. Farmers don’t change anything on field crop sprayers from the time of buying. For them there is only one nozzle type for all kind of pesticide applications in different crops. As nozzles plays major roll in coverage and deposition, new problem was indentified due to worn nozzles. New problem in Serbia became weeds and their herbicide resistance. If one field has to be sprayed up to nine times, it is obviously that there is a problem. Using appropriate herbicides in acceptable weather conditions don’t lead to weeds eradication. During many field tests and sprayers inspections, suspicions were confirmed. Main reason of presence of weeds resistance is exploitation factors and nozzles. It is better to say, many years of using non appropriate nozzles in combinations of unacceptable exploitation factors lead to poor and unacceptable coverage and total depositions on weeds. For Serbian farmers there is only one nozzle, T nozzle. Several years ago, for richer farmers air injector nozzle with single flat fan known as anti wind nozzle became a star. They are using this nozzle for everything as poor farmers using single flat fan T nozzle. Additionally, low pressure between 2 bar and 3 bars enlarge the effect and small amount of droplets doesn’t make good coverage especially in high speed as 10 to 15 km/h. In combinations of mentioned speed and pressure, nozzles deposition was between 23 to 37% of total amount of pesticide. Remaining amount was drifted to non target, soil or evaporated. Due to that, Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad and Educational developing centre of PAE started with field testing of new brand nozzles, double flat fan low drift and air injector double flat fan nozzles. Research were conducted in open fields in many crops such as, corn, soya, sunflower, wheat by changing of nozzles, traveling speed and working pressure. At any time, suggested pesticide dosage was used. Combinations of aforementioned factors gave as results better coverage and bigger deposit on weeds. Due to higher pressure more droplets cause better coverage, less drift due to anti drift nozzles and air injector nozzles, resulting as bigger deposit up to 78%.Unofficial results of inspections of pesticide application equipment stands out several parts of field crop sprayers. One of them are nozzles. Many producers (more then 90%) have bad nozzles. These elements are not in accordance with standard which means they have bigger flow rate and uneven horizontal distribution. Farmers don’t change anything on field crop sprayers from the time of buying. For them there is only one nozzle type for all kind of pesticide applications in different crops. As nozzles plays major roll in coverage and deposition, new problem was indentified due to worn nozzles. New problem in Serbia became weeds and their herbicide resistance. If one field has to be sprayed up to nine times, it is obviously that there is a problem. Using appropriate herbicides in acceptable weather conditions don’t lead to weeds eradication. During many field tests and sprayers inspections, suspicions were confirmed. Main reason of presence of weeds resistance is exploitation factors and nozzles. It is better to say, many years of using non appropriate nozzles in combinations of unacceptable exploitation factors lead to poor and unacceptable coverage and total depositions on weeds. For Serbian farmers there is only one nozzle, T nozzle. Several years ago, for richer farmers air injector nozzle with single flat fan known as anti wind nozzle became a star. They are using this nozzle for everything as poor farmers using single flat fan T nozzle. Additionally, low pressure between 2 bar and 3 bars enlarge the effect and small amount of droplets doesn’t make good coverage especially in high speed as 10 to 15 km/h. In combinations of mentioned speed and pressure, nozzles deposition was between 23 to 37% of total amount of pesticide. Remaining amount was drifted to non target, soil or evaporated. Due to that, Faculty of Agriculture in Novi Sad and Educational developing centre of PAE started with field testing of new brand nozzles, double flat fan low drift and air injector double flat fan nozzles. Research were conducted in open fields in many crops such as, corn, soya, sunflower, wheat by changing of nozzles, traveling speed and working pressure. At any time, suggested pesticide dosage was used. Combinations of aforementioned factors gave as results better coverage and bigger deposit on weeds. Due to higher pressure more droplets cause better coverage, less drift due to anti drift nozzles and air injector nozzles, resulting as bigger deposit up to 78%

Host and ovipositional preference of rice weevil (sitophilus oryzae) depending on feeding experience

Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae is one of the most devastating primary pests of stored grains. Adults feed mainly on endosperm, while larvae feed on germ, resulting in reduced germination and nutritional value of kernels. The influence of a commodity condition on the food preferences of S. oryzae has been well documented, but the influence of previous feeding experience ("natal habitat preference induction" - NHPI theory) has not yet been confirmed. This research aims to test the NHPI theory, to study the behavioural responses of S. oryzae virgin males and females to different grains (maize, wheat and barley) depending on rearing substrate and feeding history and to test host, feeding and oviposition preference. In a "Choice test", the host preference was determined based on the adult distribution on specific grains, feeding preferences based on grain damage (%) and grain loss (%), and ovipositional preference based on the progeny production. The results indicate that host, feeding and ovipositional preference of S. oryzae was not dependent on the previous feeding experience. Maize was the most preferential grain, regardless on the rearing substrate, for both male and female weevils. Grain damage, weight loss and progeny production were higher on maize, regardless on the rearing history

Osetljivost na niske temperature Plodia interpunctella, Sitophilus oryzae i Sitophilus zeamais - dominantnih štetočina uskladištenog kukuruza u Srbiji

Insect's bionomics and development are highly dependent on the environmental temperature. For centuries, this fact has been used for the control of storage pests. However, the temperature threshold depends on the species, life stage, acclimation and exposure period. This work assessed the effects of low temperatures (4,-4,-10,-15 and-18°C) and exposure period (10, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min) on the survival and development of Plodia interpunctella larvae, and adults of Sitophilus oryzae and S. zeamais, the prevalent maize pests in Serbia. Data were analysed using one-way and two-way ANOVA. Additionally, Probyt analysis was performed to determine the LT 50 and LT 99. The first significant effects were recorded at-4°C for S. oryzae when the mortality was 41% after 120 and 52% after 180 min of exposure. At-10°C, the mortality of S. zeamais was significant after 180 min (52.5%) and increased with the exposure period. The significant mortality of P. interpunctella larvae was at-15°C after 10 min (55.5%). At-18°C, P. interpunctella larvae were the most susceptible and 98% of mortality was recorded after 10 min, while 77.5% of S. oryzae and 68% of S. zeamais was recorded after 10 min. Two-way ANOVA showed that both factors (temperature and exposure) significantly affected the mortality of tested species, but the first factor was the most influential. These results indicate that temperature and exposure period should be adjusted to specific pest, while in combined infestations the temperature should be adjusted to the most tolerant one.Razviće insekata je visoko uslovljeno temperaturom životne sredine. Vekovima je ova činjenica korišćena u kontroli brojnosti skladišnih štetočina. Međutim, temperaturni pragovi zavise od vrste, životnog stadijuma, aklimatizacije i trajanja ekspozicije. U ovom radu ispitivani su uticaji niskih temperatura (4, -4, -10, -15 i -18°C) i trajanja ekspozicionog perioda (10, 30, 60, 120 i 180 min) na nivo preživljavanja i razviće larvi Plodia interpunctella i imaga Sitophilus oryzae i S. zeamais, dominantnih štetočina uskladištenog kukuruza u Srbiji. Dobijeni podaci su analizirani korišćenjem one-way i two-way ANOVA. Dodatno, urađena je i Probyt analysis radi utvrđivanja LT50 i LT99. Prvi značajni efekti niskih temperature registrovani su na -4°C za imaga S. oryzae sa registrovanim uginućem od 41% posle 120 i 52% posle 180 min ekspozicije. Na -10°C uginuće imaga S. zeamais bilo je značajno posle ekpozicije od 180 min (52,5%) i raslo je sa trajanjem ekspozicionog perioda. Značajna smrtnost larvi P. interpunctella registrovana je na -15°C posle 10 min (55,5%). Na -18°C larve P. interpunctella bile su osetljivije i 98% smrtnost registrovana je posle 10 min, a u istim uslovima 77,5% kod imaga S. oryzae i 68% kod S. zeamais. Two-way ANOVA ukazuje da oba faktora (temperatura i ekspozicija) značajno utiču na smrtnost testiranih štetočina, ali je temperatura uticajniji faktor. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da temperatura i ekspozicija predstavljaju manipulativne faktore koje treba prilagoditi vrsti, dok u kombinovanim infestacijama treba ih prilagoditi najtolerantnijoj štetočini

Uticaj tipa rasprskivača pri desikacija suncokreta na kvalitet žetve i visinu prinosa

Good effectivenes of sunflower desiccation with hidraulyc sprayer is possible only with good nozzles choice. Results of reaserch shown in this paper are confirm that. Statistic analyse of date about yield are shown that there is important difference at statistical level in yield size with desiccation by nozzles LU 120-04 i AIXR 120-04 according yield size obtained with nozzles IDK 120-04 i IDKT 120-04. Also, important difference are present in yield size of control according desiccation treatment with nozzles LU 120-04, AIXR 120-04 i IDK 120-04. Percentage of moisture according statistical analyse shown important difference at statistical level only between treatmants with nozzles LU 120-04 i IDKT 120-04. Statistic analyse of oil percentage in seed did not show any important difference at statistical level between treatment with different nozzles and contol. Also there is no any important difference between different nozzles treatment. Results of this reaserch shown that it very important to choose good nozzles type for desiccation according crops and weather condition.Efikasna desikacija suncokreta primenom klasičnih prskalica moguća je samo pravilnim izborom rasprskivača. Rezultati istraživanja u ovom radu su potvrdili da pravilan izbor rasprskivača ima značajan uticaj na prinos pri desikaciji suncokreta. Statistička obrada obadataka o visini prinosa, pokazakla je da postoji statistički značajna razlika u visini prinosa ostvarenog desikacijom rasprskivačima LU 120-04 i AIXR 120-04 u odnosu na visinu prinosa ostavarenu rasprskivačima IDK 120-04 i IDKT 120-04. Takođe, je prisutna i statistički znašajna razlika u visini prinosa desikacijom rasprskivačima LU 120-04, AIXR 120-04 i IDK 120-04 u odnosu na kontrolu. Analiza sadržaja vlage u vreme berbe pokazuje statistički značajnu razliku jedino između rasprskivača LU 120-04 i IDKT 120-04. Između svih ostalih rasprskivača i kontrole nema statistički značajne razlike. Statističkom analizom sadržaja ulja uočava se statistički značajna razlika između sadržaja ulja kod useva koji je tretiran različitim rasprskivačima i kontrole. Sa druge strane nema statistički značajne razlike između tretmana različitim rasprskivačima. U zavisnosti od stanja useva, kulture koja se tretira, tipa preparata treba odabrati odgovarajući tip rasprskivača kako bi krajnji rezultat primene preparata bio što bolji

Mehanizovana desikacija u proizvodnji uljanih kultura

Desiccation has been used for a long time in agriculture. It is especially important in cold climate since spring crops are very often not ready for harvesting before late autumn, when harvesting condition are difficult. Desiccation is important in seed production since only high yield but also good seed qualities have been required. Sunflower hybrid seed production has been particularly facilitated due to specific plant pathology during ripening. By means of desiccation spreading of seed has been reduced, attack of different head parasites has been avoided, harvesting is easier and additional drying is not required. Negative effects of early frosts on germination could be avoided too. Desiccation is to be performed when seed moisture reach 40 %, depending on genotypes. Optimal solution for desiccation are self propel sprayers with high clearance. Machine for cutting corn flowers with sprayers is also good solution. Tractor sprayers and airplanes could be use if necessary. All equipment for application must have appropriate nozzles. Successful soya desiccation can be done with trailer tractor sprayer. The best results in sunflower desiccation give Reglone forte with dose 2 l/ha and norm 300 l/ha. For soya desiccation optimum dose is 2-3 l/ha with norm 150 l/ha.Desikacija je agrotehnička mera koja je u poljoprivrednoj praksi prisutna duži niz godina. Ova mera posebno dolazi do izražaja u hladnijem klimatu, jer prolećni usevi često dospevaju za žetvu u poznu jesen kada su uslovi za ubiranje otežani. Desikacija je prisutna u svim regionima s intenzivnom poljoprivrednom proizvodnjom, koja podrazumeva mehanizovano ubiranje useva. Desikacija suncokreta, naročito semenskog, veoma je opravdana mera, jer se ranijom žetvom smanjuje rastur semena, izbegavaju se napadi raznih parazita glavice, olakšava kombajniranje i izbegava dodatno sušenje zrna. Izbegava se nepovoljan uticaj mrazeva na klijavost. Desikaciju treba izvoditi kad vlaga u zrnu padne ispod 40 %. U vezi sa ovim pitanjem postoje razlike između genotipova. Optimalno rešenje za desikaciju su samohodne prskalice sa visokim klirensom. Dobro rešenje je adaptirani čupač metlica za velike površine, a mogu da se koriste i vazduhoplovi. Nužno rešenje je korišćenje traktorskih prskalica. Svi uređaji za aplikaciju moraju biti opremljeni odgovarajućim rasprskivačima. Desikacija soje uspešno se izvodi vučenim traktorskim prskalicama. Najbolje rezultate u desikaciji suncokreta daje preparat "reglone forte" u dozi 2 l/ha sa normom od 300 l/ha. Za desikaciju soje optimalna doza je 2-3 l/ha i normom 150 l/ha

Uporedna analiza kvaliteta i efikasnosti tretiranja uljane repice različitim tipovima rasprskivača

Oil seed rape is important culture for oil production. Oil seed rape vegetation started at the end of summer or at the beginning of autumn and finished at beginning of summer next year. During this vegetation it is necessary to protect oil seed rape against some insects like meligethes aeneus which cause damages and decrease of yield. In this paper it was analyze problems in oil seed rape protection against insects. Accent is on analyses of bio-efficacy and quality parameters by treatment with different type of nozzles. The most important quality parameters which was analyze in this paper is leaf coverage. Beside this research it was also analyzed transversal distribution of nozzles. Treating was done with application rate 200 l/ha and three different type of nozzles. The lowest leaf coverage was achieved with standard nozzles Lechler LU120-04, 36,79 %. Better coverage was achieved with nozzles IDK 120-04, 37,24 % and the best coverages of 44,64 % was reach with 'Twin Jet' IDKT 120-04 nozzles. It was not found any different in bio-efficacy by treatment with different type of nozzles, but because very low insects attack intensity this results should be take with reserve. Checking of transversal distribution shown that CV of different nozzles was between 4,86 % and 6,02 %, which is good, because permit level is 10 %.Uljana repica je važna uljana kultura. Njena vegetacija počinje krajem leta i početkom jeseni, a završava se obično početkom leta naredne godine. Tokom vegetacije vrši se hemijska zaštita uljane repice u cilju suzbijanja sjajnika i repine pipe. U radu su dati rezultati istraživanja kvaliteta i biološke efikasnosti hemijske zaštite repice protiv sjajnika i repine pipe uz istovremenu analizu uniformnosti poprečne distribucije. Tretiranje je obavljeno sa normom od 200 l/ha i tri vrste rasprskivača na istoj parceli u istim uslovima. Kvalitet tretiranja je praćen analizom pokrivenosti. Najbolja pokrivenost od 44,64 % je ostvarena primenom Lechler Twin Jet IDKT 120-04 rasprskivača dok primena klasičnog injektorskog Lechler IDK 120-04 i standardnog rasprskivača Lechler LU 120-04 beleži gotovo identičnu pokrivenost od 37,24 % i 36,79 %. Analiza biološke efikasnosti nije dala nikakve razlike po pitanju primene različitih tipova rasprskivača, ali zbog izuzetno slabog intenziteta napada štetočina ove rezultate treba uzeti sa rezervom. Provera koeficijenta varijacije poprečne distribuciju je pokazala da je poprečna distribucija sva tri rasprskivača bila dobra i kretala se u intervalu od 4,86 % do 6,02 %, što su vrednosti manje od dozvoljenih 10 %

Mehanizacije u voćarstvu, vinogradarstvu i zaštiti bilja - stanje i potrebe

In this paper are shown results of research in area of machines needs for modern fruit and grape production in Serbia. Besides that, paper show overview of sprayers and other equipment for pesticide application. Marks of machines needs are given according information which authors of this work have. Every new orchard or vineyard means good analyses of possibility, needs and expected results in future. According these information growers by new machines. Baying of new machines must consider that it should by machines which can work also in new and old orchards and vineyards. Introduction of new machines in production, together with modern technology, make possible higher quality and efficiency of fruit and grape production. .U radu su dati rezultati istraživanja stanja i potreba mehanizacije za podizanje i eksploataciju višegodišnjih zasada kao i mašina za zaštitu ratarsko-povrtarskih kultura i zaštitu voćnjaka i vinograda. Ocena stanja i potreba mehanizacije izvedena je na osnovu dostupnih ali nepotpunih podataka. Svako podizanje savremenog voćnjaka ili vinograda iziskuje dobru pripremu, dugotrajne i složene radne operacije uz korišćenje specifične opreme, sa velikim finansijskim ulaganjima. Kod nabavke mehanizacije za podizanje zasada prednost treba dati opremi koja se može koristiti i za rad kod podignutih zasada. Ubrzana zamena zastarele i neadekvatne mehanizacije, uz uvođenje savremenih visokoproduktivnih mašina za nove guste zasade, značajno olakšava i ubrzava tehnološke operacije, doprinosi poboljšanju kvaliteta i kvantiteta voćnih plodova i grožđa sa postepenim smanjenjem zaostajanja za razvijenim svetom.

Preciznost nanošenja insekticida i ekološke prednosti tretiranja semena uljane repice

Protection of oil seed rape is very complex. Particular aspect is possibility of reduce pesticide application, especially insecticides applications using equipment for band treating with sowing or cultivation, furrow treating with tube pumps, pesticide application with distributor and seed treating. Seed treating is the best technical solution although expensive technology. Seed treating is final phase in seed processing and for that we need seed treater. Aim of this paperwork was to establish ecology advantages and quality of insecticides seed treating with treater. Quantity of insecitides per hectar is 0,03 do 0,04 l/ha, when we do seed treating. In this case there is only 3 % of soil contamination according 100 % of soil contamination when we use sprayers. Deviation of insecticides active materials for different oil seed rape sorts was from 1,28 to 2,9 %. That confirmation of seed treating quality together with ecology advantages put seed treating on the top of chemical protection measures.Zaštita uljane repice zasniva se na korišćenju velikog broja mera za suzbijanja patogena i insekata. Kada se govori o hemijskim merama, poseban aspekt je analiza mogućnosti redukovane primene insekticida korišćenjem posebnih uređaja kao što su: uređaji za tretiranje u trake zajedno sa setvom ili kultivacijom, tretiranje u brazdicu sa peristaltik pumpom, depozitori za granulisane preparate i tretiranje semena. Tretiranje semena je najbolje tehnološko rešenje, iako je tehnologija nanošenja pesticida skupa. Hemijsko tretiranje semena je završna faza dorade i vrši se specijalnim uređajima za zaprašivanje semena koji se zovu zaprašivači. U slučaju tretiranja semena insekticidom količina istog se kreće po hektaru od 0,03 do 0,04 l/ha uz svega 3 % kontaminacije zemljišta u odnosu na 100 % kontaminacije kod primene tretiranja prskalicama. Odstupanje ravnomernosti nanošenja aktivne materije insekticida od željene vrednosti se kretalo u rasponu od 1,28 do 2,9 % što je potvrda kvaliteta ove hemijske mere, koja je uz pomenuti ekološki značaj stavlja na sam vrh hemijske zaštite bez obzira na nešto veću cenu koštanja