Síntese de derivados da lausona, carvacrol, 1-hidroxipirazol e suas atividades biológicas

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Florianópolis, 2014A Química medicinal no Brasil tem sido investigada na tentativa de encontrar novos compostos com propriedades terapêuticas uteis. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas metodologias sintéticas diversificadas, com vistas à obtenção de compostos inéditos ou buscando otimizar a síntese daqueles já descritos pela literatura. Foram sintetizadas diferentes classes de compostos, tais como derivados naftoquinônicos, pirazóis e sulfonamidas para os quais foram investigadas diferentes atividades biológicas, como: atividade antioxidante, inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase, atividade antinociceptiva, leishmanicida, antimicrobiana, anti-hiperglicêmica. Foram obtidos, por reação de Mannich 12 adutos derivados da lausona, dentre os quais, 11 são inéditos. Foi otimizada a síntese de 9 dímeros, derivados da lausona, 2 inéditos, utilizando diferentes sistemas (refluxo, radiação ultrassônica e microondas), diferentes catalisadores e solventes. Dentre as diferentes metodologias propostas, a obtenção do hidróxi pirazol por reação de acoplamento de Suzuki foi eficiente e mostrou-se adequada para acesso a estes compostos. Foram obtidos, por reação de substituição e com ótimos rendimentos, 11 sulfonamidas inéditas derivadas do carvacrol. Em relação à atividade antioxidante, os resultados obtidos para a série das bases de Mannich demonstra o potencial destes compostos, para os quais a atividade antioxidante dos 5 mais ativos (A5, A1, A4, A6, A2) foi comparável aos padrões rutina e BHT. Para a série dos dímeros derivados da lausona destacam-se os compostos DIM-2 e DIM-1. Quando correlacionados com os ensaios voltamétricos, pode-se observar uma correlação entre as atividades in vitro e o potencial anódico. As sulfonamidas S-10, S-1 e S-7 apresentaram atividade superior ao padrão rutina. As metodologias para investigação da atividade antioxidante foram bem correlacionadas (r2>0,8). Em relação à inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase, 8 dos compostos sintetizados, DIM-1 (15,98 mM), DIM-2 (12,23 ?M), DIM-7 (16,88 ?M), S-1 (5,64 ?M), S-5 (7,34 ?M), S-7 (9,24 ?M), S-9 (6,99 ?M), S-10 (8,74 ?M), apresentaram valores de IC50 inferiores ao padrão galantamina (17,05 ?M). Em relação à atividade antinociceptiva todas as sulfonamidas testadas, S-1, S-2, S-9, S-10 e S-11, foram capazes de reduzir a nocicepção (dor) aguda induzida por glutamato em camundongos, sem interferir na atividade locomotora dos animais, com destaque ao composto S-1, que se mostrou o mais potente e eficaz. Em relação à atividade leishmanicida o composto A-11 apresentou menor CI50 e baixa citotoxicidade (15,45 mM). Dentre as bases de Mannich os compostos mais ativos foram A-1 (11,1 mM), A-6 (13,0 mM) e A-7 (20,7mM) para a forma amastigota intracelular, com destaque para o composto A-1 (IS = 12,09). Com relação à atividade antibacteriana, os dímeros derivados da lausona apresentaram melhores atividades contra o Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, para o qual 2 dos 9 compostos apresentaram valores muitos significativos de concentração inibitória mínima, DIM-2 (7,41mM) e DIM-5 (14,70mM). As sulfonamidas apresentaram atividade mais relevante para a Staphylococcus aureus em especial o composto S-4 Em relação à atividade anti-hiperglicêmica somente a base de Mannich A-1 reduziu significativamente a glicemia quando comparada ao controle. Essa ação demonstra um potencial efeito protetor das complicações do diabetes.The medicinal chemistry in Brazil have been investigated in an attempt to find new compounds with useful therapeutic properties. In this work, diverse synthetic methodologies were used, to obtained novel compounds or to optimize the synthesis of compounds described in the literature. Different classes of compounds, such as naphtoquinones derivatives, pyrazoles and sulfonamides were investigated for different biological activities such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, antinociceptive activity, antileishmanial, antimicrobial, anti hyperglycemic. By reaction of Mannich, were obtained 12 adducts derivatives of lawsone, among which 11 are new. Were synthesized 9 dimers of lawsone, two unpublished, using different systems (reflux, ultrasonic and microwave radiation), different catalysts and solvents were optimized. Among the different methods proposed, for obtaining hydroxy pyrazole, Suzuki coupling reaction was efficient and was adequate for access to these compounds. By substitution reaction were obtained 11 unpublished sulfonamides derived carvacrol. In relation to the antioxidant activity, the results obtained for the series of Mannich bases demonstrates the potential of these compounds to which the antioxidant activity of the 5 most active (A5, A1, A4, A6, A2) was comparable to the standards rutin and BHT. For the series of dimers derived from lawsone highlight the DIM-1 and DIM-2 compounds. When correlated with the voltammetric studies, we can observe a correlation between the activities in vitro and anodic potential. Sulfonamides S-10, S-1 and S-7 were superior to standard routine activity. Methodologies to investigate the antioxidant activity were well correlated (r2> 0.8). With respect to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, eight of the synthesized compounds, DIM-1 (15,98 mM), DIM-2 (12,23 mM), DIM-7 (16,88 mM), S-1 (5,64 mM), S-5 (7,34 mM), S-7 (9,24 mM), S-9 (6,99 mM), S-10 (8,74 mM), showed IC50 values below the standard galantamine (17.05 mM). Antinociceptive activity in relation to all tested sulfonamides, S-1, S-2, S-9, S-10 and S-11 were able to reduce the acute nociception (pain) induced by glutamate in mice, without interfering with the activity locomotor animals, especially the compound S-1, which showed the most potent and effective. Regarding leishmanicidal activity compound A-11 showed lower IC50 and cytotoxicity (15.45 ?M). Among the Mannich bases the most active compounds were A-1 (11.1 mM), A-6 (13.0 mM) and A-7 (20.7 mM) for intracellular amastigotes, especially for compound A-1 (SI = 12.09). Regardingantibacterial activity, dimers derived from lawsone showed better activity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, for which 2 of 9 compounds, DIM-2 (7.41 mM) and DIM-5 (14, 70mM) showed many significant values of minimum inhibitory concentration, The sulfonamides presented more important activity for Staphylococcus aureus in particular the compound S-4. Regarding antihyperglycemic only Mannich base A-1 showed activity when compared to blood glucose control. This action demonstrates a potential protective effect of diabetes complications

A QUÍMICA, O IMAGINÁRIO E AS CRIANÇAS: notas sobre o currículo pós-moderno

CHEMISTRY, IMAGINARY AND CHILDREN: notes on the post-modern curriculumLA QUÍMICA, EL IMAGINARIO Y LOS NIÑOS: notas sobre el currículo pós-modernoA elaboração de propostas pedagógicas para o trabalho com crianças deve ocorrer em consonância com o contexto histórico em que elas estejam inseridas. Nesse sentido, as práticas desenvolvidas em décadas anteriores ainda permeiam o currículo da educação infantil e do ensino fundamental, acarretando incompatibilidade entre estes corpos e subjetividades. Em meio às atuais políticas de alterações curriculares, faz-se necessário um olhar mais aprofundando para as questões que envolvem a escola, o currículo e o planejamento educacional, haja vista que a abordagem construtivista, ainda que estabelecida em décadas anteriores, respalda teoricamente a elaboração de propostas metodológicas para a educação. Assim, propõe-se a realização de atividades envolvendo experimentos químicos, buscando-se as representações no plano mental que ampliem a curiosidade, viabilizem explorações do mundo físico e novas abstrações. Defendo o ensino de química para crianças, não com um trabalho excessivo com conteúdo de elevado nível de abstração, mas com temáticas compatíveis com o grau de desenvolvimento psicológico destas crianças. Abordagens experimentais que envolvem a química nas primeiras séries de escolarização, sendo alternativas viáveis e possíveis para ampliar as formas de construção e de conhecimento na infância.Palavras-chave: Química; Experimentos; Construtivismo; Infância.ABSTRACTThe elaboration of pedagogical proposals applied for children must occur in consonance with the historical context in which the children are inserted. In this sense, practices developed during the last decades still permeate the curriculum in elementary and middle education, leading to an incompatibility between these scenario and subjectivities. In the midst of the current curriculum change policies, a deeper look at the issues surrounding school, curriculum, and educational planning is needed. The constructivist approach, although established in previous decades, theoretically supports the elaboration of methodological proposals for education. This work proposes that activities involving chemical experiments are carried out, aiming at the creation of representations in the mental plane which will ultimately broaden the curiosity of the child, performing explorations of the physical world and allowing for new abstractions. The authors defend the teaching of chemistry for children, not with excessive work on contents with a high level of abstraction, but with themes compatible with the degree of psychological development of these children. Experimental approaches involving chemistry in the first grades of schooling are feasible and possible alternatives for expanding the forms of knowledge and of construction in the childhood.Keywords: Chemistry; Experiments; Constructivism; Childhood.RESUMENLa elaboración de propuestas educativas para el trabajo con los niños debe realizarse en consonancia con el contexto histórico en el que viven estos niños. En ese sentido, las prácticas desarrolladas en décadas anteriores todavía permean el currículo de la educación infantil y primaria, lo que resulta en una incompatibilidad entre estos cuerpos y subjetividades. En medio de las actuales políticas de cambios curriculares, se hace necesaria una mirada más profunda a los temas relacionados con la escuela, el currículo y la planificación de la educación, teniendo en cuenta que el enfoque constructivista, aunque establecido en décadas anteriores, respalda teóricamente la elaboración de propuestas metodológicas para la educación. Así, se propone la realización de actividades envolviendo experimentos químicos, buscando representaciones en el plano mental que amplíen la curiosidad, permitan el descubrimiento del mundo físico y nuevas abstracciones. Defiendo que se enseñe química a los niños, no con un trabajo excesivo con contenido de alto nivel de abstracción, pero con temáticas compatibles con el grado de desarrollo psicológico de estos niños. Enfoques experimentales que envuelven a la química en los primeros años de escolarización, como alternativas viables y posibles para ampliar las formas de construcción del conocimiento en la infancia.Palabras clave: Química; Experimentos; Constructivismo; Infancia

AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study

: High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery

Phomoxanthone A, Compound of Endophytic Fungi <i>Paecilomyces</i> sp. and Its Potential Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic

The present work reports the isolation and biological evaluation of three dimeric xanthones from Paecilomyces sp. EJC01.1 isolated as endophytic from Schnella splendens, a typical plant of the Amazon. The compounds phomoxanthone A (1), phomoxanthone B (2) and dicerandrol B (3) were isolated by chromatographic procedures and identified by spectroscopic methods of 1D and 2D NMR and MS. The extracts and compound 1 showed antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The compound phomoxanthone A (1) showed greater inhibitory activity against B. subtilis (MIC of 7.81 µg mL−1); in addition, it also pronounced inhibitory effect against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 of 16.38 ± 1.079 µg mL−1) and epimastigote forms Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 of 28.61 ± 1.071 µg mL−1). To provide more information about the antibacterial activity of compound 1, an unprecedented molecular docking study was performed using S-ribosyl-homocysteine lyase (LuxS) (PDB ID 2FQO), which showed a possible interaction of phomoxanthone A with two of the residues (His58 and Cys126) that are fundamental for the catalysis mechanism in B. subtilis, which may be associated with the higher activity, when compared to other bacteria, observed in experimental studies. Additionally, quantum studies (DFT) were performed, for which a low gap value (5.982 eV) was observed, which corroborates the reactivity of phomoxanthone A. Thus, phomoxanthone A can be a good agent against pathogenic bacteria

Structure–activity relationships of novel N-imidazoylpiperazines with potent anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity

Suppl data - supporting figures and NMR spectra</p

Carajurin Induces Apoptosis in Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes through Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Carajurin is the main constituent of Arrabidaea chica species with reported anti-Leishmania activity. However, its mechanism of action has not been described. This study investigated the mechanisms of action of carajurin against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Carajurin was effective against promastigotes with IC50 of 7.96 &plusmn; 1.23 &mu;g.mL&minus;1 (26.4 &micro;M), and the cytotoxic concentration for peritoneal macrophages was 258.2 &plusmn; 1.20 &mu;g.mL&minus;1 (856.9 &micro;M) after 24 h of treatment. Ultrastructural evaluation highlighted pronounced swelling of the kinetoplast with loss of electron-density in L. amazonensis promastigotes induced by carajurin treatment. It was observed that carajurin leads to a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (p = 0.0286), an increase in reactive oxygen species production (p = 0.0286), and cell death by late apoptosis (p = 0.0095) in parasites. Pretreatment with the antioxidant NAC prevented ROS production and significantly reduced carajurin-induced cell death. The electrochemical and density functional theory (DFT) data contributed to support the molecular mechanism of action of carajurin associated with the ROS generation, for which it is possible to observe a correlation between the LUMO energy and the electroactivity of carajurin in the presence of molecular oxygen. All these results suggest that carajurin targets the mitochondria in L. amazonensis. In addition, when assessed for its drug-likeness, carajurin follows Lipinski&rsquo;&rsquo;s rule of five, and the Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge criteria

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit