Evaluating air emission inventories and indicators from cruise vessels at ports

This paper provides an estimation of air emissions (CO2, NOX, SOX and PM) released by cruise vessels at the port level. The methodology is based on the Bfull bottom-up^ approach and starts by evaluating the fuel consumed by each vessel on the basis of its individual port activities (manoeuvring, berthing and hoteling). The Port of Barcelona was selected as the site at which to perform the analysis, in which 125 calls of 30 cruise vessels were monitored. Real-time data from the automatic identification system (AIS), factor emissions from engine certificates and vessel characteristics from IHS Sea-web database were also collected for the analysis. The research findings show that the most appropriate indicators are inventory emissions per Bport-time gross tonnage^, Bport-time passenger^ and Bport time^. These emission indicators improve our understanding of cruise emissions and will facilitate the work that aims to estimate reliably and quickly the in-port ship emission inventories of cruise ports.Postprint (published version

IESDB - the Iberian Evaporite Structure Database

Evaporites flow in the solid state under relatively low differential stress and have unique mechanical properties compared to other sedimentary rocks. Worldwide, they control the structural and stratigraphical architecture of many basins and orogens in ancient and active tectonic settings. Moreover, they host mineral deposits and play a key role in petroleum systems because they typically act as seals due to their low permeability, and their ability to flow results in the formation of structural hydrocarbon traps such as folds and faults in their encasing rocks. Additionally, evaporite structures can be used as subsurface storage sites for geo-energy applications and nuclear waste. The systematic characterisation of subsurface evaporite structures is thus key for the development of geoscience-based technologies to address societal challenges. Owing to their value, massive amounts of surface and subsurface information about (among others) the stratigraphy, structure, geochemistry, and petrophysical properties of evaporite structures and their surrounding rocks have been acquired by Earth scientists, petroleum and mining exploration companies, and geological surveys. However, the data often appear segregated (i.e. in the form of database fragments, scientific articles, and unpublished reports), are not systematically organised, and are sometimes not fully accessible. This contribution presents the Iberian Evaporite Structure Database (IESDB), the first comprehensive assessment that focuses on evaporite structures carried out in any region of the world. The IESDB includes information and figures for 150 evaporite structures and their surrounding rocks inventoried in Spain and Portugal and is sourced from other six thematic databases and more than 1500 published and unpublished scientific documents. The database targets undeformed to slightly deformed evaporite successions, outcropping and buried diapirs, evaporite-cored anticlines, evaporite-detached thrusts, and allochthonous evaporite bodies. Collated data include information about the structure, stratigraphy, event chronology, surface and subsurface data availability, mining activity, and key bibliographic references. The IESDB follows the FAIR principles of database management (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) and is presented as an interactive web page and an open-access database, where indexed structures can easily be selected from a map or browser and filtered by a search engine. The IESDB intends to be a useful resource for teaching (i.e. pointing out examples of exceptional evaporite outcrops), academic and industry research (i.e. identifying knowledge deficits on specific structures or tectonic settings), and for the sustainable exploration and appraisal of mineral resources and geo-energy applications (i.e. representing a terminus a quo for site selection and suitability assessment). The framework provided by the IESDB is an opportunity to enhance the scientific research on Iberian evaporite structures in Spain and Portugal and to take advantage of their scientific and economic potential to tackle important societal challenges faced by these countries. The IESDB is freely available at https://iesdb.eu (last access: 15 June 2023) and the datasets can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/14586 (González-Esvertit et al., 2022)

Fluvial sedimentation and its reservoir potential at foreland basin margins: A case study of the Puig-reig anticline (South-eastern Pyrenees)

Fluvial fans represent one of the dominant sedimentary systems at the active margins of non-marine foreland basins. The Puig-reig anticline at the north-eastern margin of the Ebro Foreland Basin (SE Pyrenees, Spain) exposes continuous outcrops of Late Eocene-Early Oligocene fluvial deposits, from proximal to medial fluvial fan environments. The proximal deposits are found in the north limb of the anticline, especially in the northwest zone. These deposits are characterised by conglomerates with minor interbedded sandstones, with thick and wide sheet-like geometries with unscoured or variably scoured basal surfaces. These are interpreted to be the deposits of unconfined flash floods and wide-shallow channel streams. The medial deposits, covering the rest of the anticline, consist of interbedded conglomerates, sandstones and claystones. These are interpreted to have been deposited from braided to meandering channel streams and overbank areas. Distal deposits are found towards the south, beyond the anticline, and are characterised by sandstone and clay deposits of terminal lobes and lacustrine deltas. This study assesses the impact of the primary depositional characteristics, diagenesis and deformation of the most heterolithic portion of the system, with implications for increasing our understanding of folded fluvial reservoirs. Diagenetic processes, mainly mechanical compaction and calcite cementation, resulted in overall low intergranular porosity, with limited relatively high porosity developed in sandstone lithofacies in the medial deposits. Deformation associated with thrusting and fold growth resulted in the formation of abundant fractures, with relatively high fracture intensities observed in sandstone lithofacies in the anticline crest. This study shows that post-depositional processes can both improve and diminish the reservoir potential of basin proximal fluvial deposits, through the development of fracture networks and by compaction-cementation. The comparison of the Puig-reig anticline with other similar settings worldwide indicates that foreland basin margin locations may be potential areas for effective reservoirs, even in the case of low intergranular porosity

Distribución de cementos de calcita en un sistema fluvial: el anticlinal de Puig-reig (Pirineos Surorientales)

El cemento de calcita, como mineral autigénico predominante, tiene un efecto muy significativo en la potencial calidad como reservorio del anticlinal de Puig-Reig, que constituye un excelente análogo para el estudio de la distribución de cementos en diferentes facies sedimentarias gracias a la cantidad y calidad de los afloramientos. Tras un exhaustivo estudio estratigráfico y de recogida muestras, se han realizado análisis petrográficos de facies y sus cementos con microscopio óptico y de cátodo-luminiscencia. Se han identificado dos generaciones principales de cementación calcítica que se desarrollaron durante y después del crecimiento del anticlinal, aunque la mayor parte del cemento cristalizó de manera simultánea a su formación. La distribución del cemento está controlada por la posición estructural dentro del pliegue y por las facies y litofacies de la roca encajante. Los depósitos de canales fluviales en la cresta del anticlinal, de grano especialmente grueso, tienden a desarrollar más cementación. Es necesario profundizar en el estudio de las características de la cementación de calcita para obtener mejores estimaciones sobre la calidad de los reservorios y para guiar las actividades de exploración de hidrocarburos o el almacenamiento geológico de CO2 en estructuras subterráneas similares

Fracture distribution in a folded fluvial succession: The Puig-reig anticline (south-eastern Pyrenees)

Sedimentary rocks of foreland fold-and-thrust belts typically undergo intensive fracturing as folds grow. The resulting fracture networks can present significant variations depending on the distribution of sedimentary facies and the complex structural characteristics of fold-and-thrust belts. The Puig-reig anticline, located in the south-eastern Pyrenees, mainly exposes proximal fluvial deposits in the north limb and medial fluvial deposits in the rest of the anticline. Thus, this anticline constitutes an excellent case study to investigate the main controls on the distribution of fracture networks in folded fluvial deposits, in terms of structural position and lithofacies variations. Outcrops were selected to be representative of different structural positions, from the fold hinge to its limbs, and of a variety of the main lithofacies, from proximal to medial fluvial deposits. Fracture data were acquired using the linear scanline method. The results indicate that the anticline rocks have been affected by four sets of fractures. The north limb is dominated by thick conglomerate bodies with interlayered sandstones deposited from unconfined flash floods and wide-shallow channel streams in the proximal fluvial fan, and presents large fracture spacing and low fracture intensity but relatively large fracture length and aperture. The crest and the crest-limb transition zones are mainly characterised by interlayered conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and clays, deposited from braided channel streams and overbanks in the medial fluvial fan, and present fractures with relatively high fracture intensity and variable fracture length and aperture. The south limb, composed of channel filling sandstone layers and stable overbank fine deposits in the medial fluvial fan, is characterised by low fracture intensity and small fracture length and aperture. Based on multiple linear regression analysis, fracture intensity is mainly controlled by the structural position, bedding thickness and lithological associations, with relatively more intense fracturing in thin sandstone layers with multiple interlayers of fine deposits in the anticline crest. The fracture length mainly depends on bedding thickness and is affected lithological associations. The fracture apertures are mainly controlled by lithofacies, with relatively higher apertures affecting conglomerate bodies. The results of this study are relevant for characterising similar systems in the subsurface, where data is scarce

Fluvial sedimentation and its reservoir potential at foreland basin margins: a case study of the Puig-reig anticline (South-eastern Pyrenees)

Fluvial fans represent one of the dominant sedimentary systems at the active margins of non-marine foreland basins. The Puig-reig anticline at the north-eastern margin of the Ebro Foreland Basin (SE Pyrenees, Spain) exposes continuous outcrops of Late Eocene-Early Oligocene fluvial deposits, from proximal to medial fluvial fan environments. The proximal deposits, found in the north limb of the anticline, especially in the northwest zone. These deposits are characterised by conglomerates with minor interbedded sandstones, with thick and wide sheet-like geometries with unscoured or variably scoured basal surfaces. These are interpreted to be the deposits of unconfined flash floods and wide-shallow channel streams. The medial deposits, covering the rest of the anticline, consist of interbedded conglomerates, sandstones and claystones. These are interpreted to have been deposited from braided to meandering channel streams and overbank areas. Distal deposits are found towards the south, beyond the anticline, and are characterised by sandstone and clay deposits of terminal lobes and lacustrine deltas. This study assesses the impact of the primary depositional characteristics, diagenesis and deformation of the most heterolithic portion of the system, with implications for increasing our understanding of folded fluvial reservoirs. Diagenetic processes, mainly mechanical compaction and calcite cementation, resulted in overall low intergranular porosity, with limited relatively high porosity developed in sandstone lithofacies in the medial deposits. Deformation associated with thrusting and fold growth resulted in the formation of abundant fractures, with relatively high fracture intensities observed in sandstone lithofacies in the anticline crest. This study shows that post-depositional processes can both improve and diminish the reservoir potential of basin proximal fluvial deposits, through the development of fracture networks and by compaction-cementation. The comparison of the Puig-reig anticline with other similar settings worldwide indicates that foreland basin margin locations may be potential areas for effective reservoirs, even in the case of low intergranular porosity

Soft X-rays spectroscopy with a commercial CMOS image sensor at room temperature

Besides their application in point and shoot cameras, webcams, and cell phones, it has been shown that CMOS image sensors (CIS) can be used for dosimetry, X-ray and neutron imaging applications. In this work we will discuss the application of an ON Semiconductor MT9M001 CIS, in low energy X-ray spectroscopy. The device is a monochromatic front-side illuminated sensor, very popular in consumer electronics. In this work we introduce the configuration selected for the mentioned sensor, the image processing techniques and event selection criteria, implemented in order to measure the X-ray energy in the range from 1-10 keV. Several fluorescence lines of different samples have been resolved, and for first time the line resolution have been measured and analyzed. We achieved a FWHM of 232 eV at 6.4 keV, and we concluded that incomplete charge collection (ICC) of the charge produced by the X-ray contributes to the resolution, being this effect more important at higher X-ray energies. The results analyzed in this work indicate that the mentioned CIS are specially suitable for X-ray applications in which energy and spatial resolutions are simultaneously required.Fil: Sofo Haro, Miguel Francisco. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Alcalde Bessia, Fabricio Pablo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Pérez, Martín. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Blostein, Juan Jeronimo. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Balmaceda, Darío Federico. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Berisso, Mariano. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; ArgentinaFil: Lipovetzky, José. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentin

Characterization of the shallow subsurface structure across the Carrascoy Fault System (SE Iberian Peninsula) using P-wave tomography and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves

Acknowledgement. The authors would like to acknowledge the project INTERGEO (CGL2013-47412-C2-1-P) GEO3BCNCSIC for the data access. Data are public access through SeisDARE (DeFelipe et al., 2021), dataset Martí et al.(2015). The Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia is thanked for the main author's Ph.D. scholarship (D3.2/KD.02.01/2019). JA is funded by MICINN (IJC2018-026335-I). I.P. is funded by the Spanish Government and the Universidad de Salamanca (Beatriz Galindo grant BEGAL 18/00090). IDF is funded by a FEDER-Junta de Castilla y León Postdoctoral contract (SA0084P20). We thank the GIPP-GFZ, (Germany) and Lisbon University (Portugal) for the instrumentation provided. Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR) grant 2017SGR1022 (GREG); EU (H2020) 871121 (EPOSSP); and EIT-RawMaterias 17024 (SIT4ME). We sincerely thank Seismic Unix CWP (Center for the Wave Phenomena, Colorado School of Mines (Cohen and Stockwell, 2019)). We also thank all the people involved directly or indirectly in this work.The seismicity in the SE Iberian Peninsula is distributed parallel to the coast in a well-developed strike-slip fracture system known as the Eastern Betic Shear Zone (EBSZ). This work focuses on the characterization of the shallow subsurface structure of the Algezares-Casas Nuevas Fault, within the Carrascoy Fault System of the EBSZ. The Carrascoy Fault borders the Guadalentín Depression to the south, which is a densely populated area with extensive agricultural activity. Therefore, this faults system represents a seismic hazard with significant social and economic implications. We have constructed two velocity-depth models based on P-wave tomography and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) acquired from seismic reflection data. The resulting velocity models have allowed us to interpret the first ~250m depth and have revealed: i) the thickness of the critical zone; ii) the geometry of the Algezares-Casas Nuevas Fault; iii) the depth of the Messinian/Tortonian contact and iv) the presence of blind thrusts and damage zones under the Guadalentín Depression. Our results have also helped us to estimate an apparent vertical slip rate of 0.66±0.06m/ky for the Algezares-Casas Nuevas Fault since 209.1±6.2ka. Our results provide a methodological and backflow protocol to study the shallow subsurface of active faults, complementing previous geological models based on paleoseismological trenches, and can be used to improve the seismic hazard assessment of tectonically active regions around the world

Characterization of the shallow subsurface structure across the Carrascoy Fault System (SE Iberian Peninsula) using P-wave tomography and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves

The seismicity in the SE Iberian Peninsula is distributed parallel to the coast in a well-developed strike-slip fracture system known as the Eastern Betic Shear Zone (EBSZ). This work focuses on the characterization of the shallow subsurface structure of the Algezares-Casas Nuevas Fault, within the Carrascoy Fault System of the EBSZ. The Carrascoy Fault borders the Guadalentín Depression to the south, which is a densely populated area with extensive agricultural activity. Therefore, this faults system represents a seismic hazard with significant social and economic implications. We have constructed two velocity-depth models based on P-wave tomography and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) acquired from seismic reflection data. The resulting velocity models have allowed us to interpret the first ~250m depth and have revealed: i) the thickness of the critical zone; ii) the geometry of the Algezares-Casas Nuevas Fault; iii) the depth of the Messinian/Tortonian contact and iv) the presence of blind thrusts and damage zones under the Guadalentín Depression. Our results have also helped us to estimate an apparent vertical slip rate of 0.66±0.06m/ky for the Algezares-Casas Nuevas Fault since 209.1±6.2ka. Our results provide a methodological and backflow protocol to study the shallow subsurface of active faults, complementing previous geological models based on paleoseismological trenches, and can be used to improve the seismic hazard assessment of tectonically active regions around the world.The authors would like to acknowledge the project INTERGEO (CGL2013-47412-C2-1-P) GEO3BCNCSIC for the data access. Data are public access through SeisDARE (DeFelipe et al., 2021), dataset Martí et al. (2015). The Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia is thanked for the main author’s Ph.D. scholarship (D3.2/KD.02.01/2019). JA is funded by MICINN (IJC2018-026335-I). I.P. is funded by the Spanish Government and the Universidad de Salamanca (Beatriz Galindo grant BEGAL 18/00090). IDF is funded by a FEDER-Junta de Castilla y León Postdoctoral contract (SA0084P20). We thank the GIPP-GFZ, (Germany) and Lisbon University (Portugal) for the instrumentation provided. Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR) grant 2017SGR1022 (GREG); EU (H2020) 871121 (EPOSSP); and EIT-RawMaterias 17024 (SIT4ME). WPeer reviewe